IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6.
Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, Poulet F, McClanahan T, McKenzie B, Kleinschek MA, Owyang A, Mattson J, Blumenschein W, Murphy E, Sathe M, Cua DJ, Kastelein RA,
J Clin Invest. 2006 May 1;116(5):1310-1316.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16670770&query_hl=25&itool=pubmed_docsum
Nature 441, 231-234(11 May 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature04754;Received 6 March 2006;Accepted 28 March 2006;Published online 30 April 2006
免疫:トランスフォーミング増殖因子-βはTH17細胞の分化を誘導する . (Title in English; Transforming growth factor- induces development of the TH17 lineage).
Paul R. Mangan1,2, Laurie E. Harrington1, Darrell B. O'Quinn1, Whitney S. Helms1, Daniel C. Bullard3, Charles O. Elson4, Robin D. Hatton1, Sharon M. Wahl5, Trenton R. Schoeb3and Casey T. Weaver1,2
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インターロイキン(IL)-17の産生を特徴とするエフェクターCD4+ T細胞の新しい細胞系譜は、T-ヘルパー-17(TH17)細胞とよばれ、従来のTH1およびTH2細胞とは異なる特徴をその分化や機能において示すことが最近明らかになった。TH1やTH2と同じく、TH17細胞が、細胞外細菌などの特定の種類の病原体に応じた適応免疫を誘導するように進化したことはほぼ確実である。異常なTH17応答は、報告例が増え続けている自己免疫疾患に関与するとされている。TH17の分化は、IL-12サイトカインファミリーに属し、IL-12と共通のサブユニットであるIL-12p40を共有しているIL-23と関連づけられている。また、IL-23受容体とIL-12受容体も、IL-12Rβ1というサブユニットを共有している。それぞれの受容体は、独特な誘導性受容体構成要素であるIL-23RおよびIL-12Rβ2と対をなし、受容体としての反応性を獲得する。我々は、TH17分化への拘束に重要なサイトカインとしてトランスフォーミング増殖因子-β(TGF-β)を同定した。TGF-βはIL-23Rの発現を上昇させるように働き、IL-23に反応性を付与する。IL-23は、in vitroおよびin vivoにおいて、IL-17を産生するT細胞の分化に必要ではないが、病原菌である腸粘膜肥厚症菌(Citrobacter rodentium)に対する宿主防御に必要である。ナイーブT細胞に対するTGF-βの作用はインターフェロン-γやIL-4と拮抗することから、TH1、TH2およびTH17細胞の分化機構だと考えられる。
Departments of Pathology,
Microbiology,
Genomics and
Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA
Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4352, USA
Nature 441, 235-238(11 May 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature04753;Received 2 February 2006;Accepted 30 March 2006;Published online 30 April 2006
免疫:病原性エフェクターTH17と調節性T細胞産生のための相反的分化経路 . (Title in English; Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells).
Estelle Bettelli1,4, Yijun Carrier1,4, Wenda Gao2,4, Thomas Korn1, Terry B. Strom2, Mohamed Oukka3, Howard L. Weiner1and Vijay K. Kuchroo1
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T細胞は活性化の際に、異なる分化経路をとって特殊な性質およびエフェクター機能を獲得する。ヘルパーT(TH)細胞は従来、TH1細胞とTH2細胞というサブセットに分化すると考えられてきた。TH1細胞は細胞内の病原体の排除に必要であり、TH2細胞は細胞外生物の排除に重要である。最近、TH1細胞ともTH2細胞とも異なるインターロイキン(IL)17産生T(TH17)細胞というサブセットがあることがわかり、自己免疫による組織傷害の誘導で重大な役割を果たすことが示された。これとは逆に、CD4+CD25+Foxp3+調節性T(Treg)細胞は自己免疫を抑制し、組織傷害を防ぐ。トランスフォーミング増殖因子-β(TGF-β)は、Treg細胞の産生において重要な分化因子である。本論文では、内在するFoxp3遺伝子座にレポーターを導入したマウスを用い、炎症時に誘発される急性期タンパク質IL-6が、TGF-βが誘発するFoxp3+ Treg細胞の産生を完全に阻害することを示す。さらに、IL-23はTH17細胞産生のための分化因子ではないことを明らかにする。IL-6とTGF-βが協働して、ナイーブT細胞からの病原性TH17細胞の分化を誘発する。今回の結果は、自己免疫を誘発する病原性(TH17)T細胞と自己免疫による組織傷害を妨げる調節性(Foxp3+)T細胞の産生は2つの経路に分かれて起こることを示している。
Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Nature 441, 166-168 (11 May 2006) | doi:10.1038/441166a; Published online 10 May 2006
Immunology: What does it mean to be just 17?
Cristina M. Tato1 and John J. O'Shea1
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7090/full/441166a.html
Abstract
For a long time it was thought that there are only two types of T helper cell. But it is becoming clear that there may be other lineages that influence inflammatory responses in certain circumstances.
Cristina M. Tato and John J. O'Shea are in the Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1820, USA.
Selective regulatory function of Socs3 in the formation of IL-17-secreting T cells.
Chen Z, Laurence A, Kanno Y, Pacher-Zavisin M, Zhu BM, Tato C, Yoshimura A, Hennighausen L, O'shea JJ.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 12; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16698929&query_hl=39&itool=pubmed_docsum
SOCS-3 negatively regulates innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in acute IL-1-dependent inflammatory arthritis.
Wong PK, Egan PJ, Croker BA, O'donnell K, Sims NA, Drake S, Kiu H, McManus EJ, Alexander WS, Roberts AW, Wicks IP.
J Clin Invest. 2006 May 18; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16710471&query_hl=39&itool=pubmed_docsum
Nature Immunology 7, 557 - 559 (2006)
doi:10.1038/ni0606-557
TGF-beta, a 'double agent' in the immune pathology war
Daniel J Cua & Robert A Kastelein
Daniel J. Cua and Robert A. Kastelein are with Schering-Plough Biopharma, Discovery Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
T helper cells that produce interleukin 17 can promote a range of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Papers in Nature and Immunity suggest transforming growth factor- promotes the differentiation of these pathogenic cells.
A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17-producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Sutton C, Brereton C, Keogh B, Mills KH, Lavelle EC.
J Exp Med. 2006 Jul 3; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16818675&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum
TGFbeta1, a 'Jack of all trades': the link with pro-inflammatory IL-17-producing T cells.
Veldhoen M, Stockinger B.
Trends Immunol. 2006 Jun 19; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16793343&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum
Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties.
Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM.
Immunity. 2006 Jun;24(6):677-88.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16782025&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum
Cytokines: Involvement of IL-1 in IL-17 production
Olive Leavy
http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v6/n8/full/nri1904.html
Recently, there has been much interest in the differentiation and expansion of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T cells, owing to the importance of these cells in the development of autoimmune diseases. Now, new research published in The Journal of Experimental Medicine has implicated IL-1 in the induction of this T-cell population.
IL-23 has previously been associated with the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through promoting the differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. However, while examining cytokine production following immunization, Sutton et al. observed a defect in IL-17 production by antigen-specific T cells in IL-1 receptor type I-deficient (Il1r1-/-) mice. To investigate this observation, they examined the development of EAE in these mice.
While all wild-type mice developed severe EAE following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and adjuvant, most Il1r1-/- mice did not develop any clinical signs. In addition, stimulation of spleen cells from Il1r1-/- mice with MOG peptide in vitro resulted in dramatically reduced IL-17 production compared with cells from wild-type mice. By contrast, the production of IL-10, IL-6 and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) was unaffected.
These data indicate an important role for IL-1 in promoting the production of IL-17 by antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Interestingly, Il1r1-/- mice developed EAE following transfer of MOG-specific T cells isolated from wild-type mice that had developed EAE, which suggests that IL-1 might be dispensable for the development of EAE after the induction of IL-17-producing T cells.
Stimulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from wild-type, but not Il1r1-/-, mice with IL-23 induced low levels of IL-17 production in vitro, but this was dramatically enhanced by the addition of either IL-1 or IL-1. IL-1 alone did not directly induce cytokine production by T cells, suggesting that IL-1 synergizes with IL-23 to induce IL-17 production by T cells. TNF is involved in the development of certain T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and is a major target of therapeutic intervention. Here, TNF was shown to synergize with IL-23 to induce IL-17 production by splenocytes in an IL-1-dependent manner.
Together, these data suggest that IL-1 is a crucial factor in the induction of IL-17-producing antigen-specific T cells in vivo, which are involved in the development of experimental autoimmune disease.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Sutton, C. , Brereton, C. , Keogh, B. , Mills, K. H. G. & Lavelle, E. C. A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17-producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1685?1691 (2006)
T-bet negatively regulates autoimmune myocarditis by suppressing local production of interleukin 17
Manu Rangachari1,2, Nora Mauermann3, Ren? R. Marty3, Stephan Dirnhofer4, Michael O. Kurrer5, Vukoslav Komnenovic1, Josef M. Penninger1, and Urs Eriksson3
1 Institute for Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
2 Graduate Programme in Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
3 Department of Research and Department of Internal Medicine, Experimental Critical Care Medicine, and 4 Department of Pathology, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
5 Department of Pathology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Z?rich, Switzerland
CORRESPONDENCE Urs Eriksson: ueriksson@uhbs.ch OR Josef M. Penninger: josef.penninger@imba.oeaw.ac.at
Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) appears after infectious heart disease, the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. Here we report that mice lacking T-bet, a T-box transcription factor required for T helper (Th)1 cell differentiation and interferon (IFN)-production, develop severe autoimmune heart disease compared to T-bet?/? control mice. Experiments in T-bet?/? IL-4?/? and T-bet?/? IL-4R?/? mice, as well as transfer of heart-specific Th1 and Th2 cell lines, showed that autoimmune heart disease develops independently of Th1 or Th2 polarization. Analysis of T-bet?/? IL-12R?1?/? and T-bet?/? IL-12p35?/? mice then identified interleukin (IL)-23 as critical for EAM pathogenesis. In addition, T-bet?/? mice showed a marked increase in production of the IL-23?dependent cytokine IL-17 by heart-infiltrating lymphocytes, and in vivo IL-17 depletion markedly reduced EAM severity in T-bet?/? mice. Heart-infiltrating T-bet?/? CD8+ but not CD8? T cells secrete IFN-, which inhibits IL-17 production and protects against severe EAM. In contrast, T-bet?/? CD8+ lymphocytes completely lost their capacity to release IFN-within the heart. Collectively, these data show that severe IL-17?mediated EAM can develop in the absence of T-bet, and that T-bet can regulate autoimmunity via the control of nonspecific CD8+ T cell bystander functions in the inflamed target organ.
Interleukin 27 limits autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the development of interleukin 17-producing T cells.
Batten M, Li J, Yi S, Kljavin NM, Danilenko DM, Lucas S, Lee J, de Sauvage FJ, Ghilardi N.
Nat Immunol. 2006 Aug 13; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16906167&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum
Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system.
Stumhofer JS, Laurence A, Wilson EH, Huang E, Tato CM, Johnson LM, Villarino AV, Huang Q, Yoshimura A, Sehy D, Saris CJ, O'shea JJ, Hennighausen L, Ernst M, Hunter CA.
Nat Immunol. 2006 Aug 13; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16906166&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum
Interleukin 18-independent engagement of interleukin 18 receptor-alpha is required for autoimmune inflammation.
Gutcher I, Urich E, Wolter K, Prinz M, Becher B.
Nat Immunol. 2006 Aug 13; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16906165&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum
Nature Immunology - 7, 899 - 901 (2006)
doi:10.1038/ni0906-899
All in the family: IL-27 suppression of TH-17 cells
http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v7/n9/full/ni0906-899.html
John Colgan & Paul Rothman
Interleukin 17 (IL-17)?producing T cells are associated with inflammatory conditions. Two studies now show that IL-27, an IL-12 family member with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, potently suppresses the development of IL-17-producing T cells.
Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides
Spencer C. Liang, Xiang-Yang Tan, Deborah P. Luxenberg, Riyez Karim,
Kyriaki Dunussi-Joannopoulos, Mary Collins, and Lynette A. Fouser
J. Exp. Med. published 18 September 2006, 10.1084/jem.20061308
http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/abstract/jem.20061308v1?papetoc
Th17 cells are a distinct lineage of effector CD4+ T cells characterized by their production of interleukin (IL)-17. We demonstrate that Th17 cells also expressed IL-22, an IL-10 family member, at substantially higher amounts than T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cells. Similar to IL-17A, IL-22 expression was initiated by transforming growth factor ? signaling in the context of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines. The subsequent expansion of IL-22?producing cells was dependent on IL-23. We further demonstrate that IL-22 was coexpressed in vitro and in vivo with both IL-17A and IL-17F. To study a functional relationship among these cytokines, we examined the expression of antimicrobial peptides by primary keratinocytes treated with combinations of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F. IL-22 in conjunction with IL-17A or IL-17F synergistically induced the expression of ?-defensin 2 and S100A9 and additively enhanced the expression of S100A7 and S100A8. Collectively, we have identified IL-22 as a new cytokine expressed by Th17 cells that synergizes with IL-17A or IL-17F to regulate genes associated with skin innate immunity.
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORγt Directs the Differentiation Program of Proinflammatory IL-17+ T Helper Cells
Ivaylo I. Ivanov,1,4 Brent S. McKenzie,3,4 Liang Zhou,1,4 Carlos E. Tadokoro,1 Alice Lepelley,1 Juan J. Lafaille,1 Daniel J. Cua,3,? and Dan R. Littman1,2,??
1 Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
3 Schering-Plough BioPharma, DNAX Discovery Research, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
?Corresponding author
Daniel J. Cua
daniel.cua@spcorp.com
??Corresponding author
Dan R. Littman
littman@saturn.med.nyu.edu
Summary
IL-17-producing T lymphocytes have been recently shown to comprise a distinct lineage of proinflammatory T helper cells, termed Th17 cells, that are major contributors to autoimmune disease. We show here that the orphan nuclear receptor RORγt is the key transcription factor that orchestrates the differentiation of this effector cell lineage. RORγt induces transcription of the genes encoding IL-17 and the related cytokine IL-17F in na?ve CD4+ T helper cells and is required for their expression in response to IL-6 and TGF-β, the cytokines known to induce IL-17. Th17 cells are constitutively present throughout the intestinal lamina propria, express RORγt, and are absent in mice deficient for RORγt or IL-6. Mice with RORγt-deficient T cells have attenuated autoimmune disease and lack tissue-infiltrating Th17 cells. Together, these studies suggest that RORγt is a key regulator of immune homeostasis and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases.
Signals mediated by transforming growth factor-beta initiate autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but chronic inflammation is needed to sustain disease.
Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Flavell RA, Stockinger B.
Nat Immunol. 2006 Sep 24; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16998492&query_hl=36&itool=pubmed_docsum
Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction
Kojiro Sato, Ayako Suematsu, Kazuo Okamoto, Akira Yamaguchi, Yasuyuki Morishita, Yuho Kadono, Sakae Tanaka, Tatsuhiko Kodama, Shizuo Akira, Yoichiro Iwakura, Daniel J. Cua, and Hiroshi Takayanagi
J. Exp. Med. published 6 November 2006, 10.1084/jem.20061775
http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/abstract/jem.20061775v1?papetoc
Interleukin-17 is a negative regulator of established allergic asthma
Silvia Schnyder-Candrian, Dieudonnee Togbe, Isabelle Couillin, Isabelle Mercier, Frank Brombacher, Valerie Quesniaux, Francois Fossiez, Bernhard Ryffel, and Bruno Schnyder
J. Exp. Med. published 13 November 2006, 10.1084/jem.20061401
http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/abstract/jem.20061401v1?papetoc
Role of IL-17 and regulatory T lymphocytes in a systemic autoimmune disease
Jens Lohr, Birgit Knoechel, Jing Jing Wang, Alejandro V. Villarino, and Abul K. Abbas
J. Exp. Med. published 27 November 2006, 10.1084/jem.20061341
http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/abstract/jem.20061341v1?papetoc
Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis.
Zheng Y, Danilenko DM, Valdez P, Kasman I, Eastham-Anderson J, Wu J, Ouyang W.
Nature. 2006 Dec 24; [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17187052&query_hl=23&itool=pubmed_docsum
The adaptor Act1 is required for interleukin 17-dependent signaling associated with autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
Qian Y, Liu C, Hartupee J, Altuntas CZ, Gulen MF, Jane-Wit D, Xiao J, Lu Y, Giltiay N, Liu J, Kordula T, Zhang QW, Vallance B, Swaidani S, Aronica M, Tuohy VK, Hamilton T, Li X.
Nat Immunol. 2007 Feb 4; [Epub ahead of print]
T cell self-reactivity forms a cytokine milieu for spontaneous development of IL-17+ Th cells that cause autoimmune arthritis.
Hirota K, Hashimoto M, Yoshitomi H, Tanaka S, Nomura T, Yamaguchi T, Iwakura Y, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S.
J Exp Med. 2007 Jan 22;204(1):41-7. Epub 2007 Jan 16.
免疫:TH17サイトカインであるインターロイキン-22はIL-23によって引き起こされる皮膚の炎症やアカントーシスを仲介する . (Title in English; Interleukin-22, a TH17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis).
Yan Zheng1, Dimitry M. Danilenko2, Patricia Valdez1, Ian Kasman2, Jeffrey Eastham-Anderson2, Jianfeng Wu1 and Wenjun Ouyang1
Department of Immunology and,
Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
乾癬は慢性の炎症性皮膚疾患であり、表皮の過形成(アカントーシス)、真皮と表皮の両方への白血球の浸潤、および血管の拡張と増殖を特徴とする。乾癬で表皮アカントーシスが起こる原因はまだほとんどわかっていない。最近、IL-17を産生するヘルパーT細胞(TH17細胞)の分化に関与するサイトカインであるインターロイキン(IL)-23が、乾癬の発症に機能している可能性が見いだされた。本論文では、IL-22がTH17細胞によって優先的に生産され、IL-23が誘導するアカントーシスを仲介することを示す。IL-23あるいはIL-6が、マウスとヒトの両方のナイーブT細胞でIL-22の産生を直接誘導しうることがわかった。しかし、TH17細胞からのIL-22とIL-17の産生の調節機構は異なっている。トランスフォーミング増殖因子-βはIL-17の産生に重要であるが、IL-22の産生は阻害する。さらに、IL-22はin vivoで、IL-23がStat3(signal transduction and activators of transcription 3)の活性化を介して引き起こすアカントーシスや皮膚の炎症を仲介する。我々の結果は、TH17細胞が、IL-22とIL-17の両方の産生を介して、宿主の防御や乾癬などの自己免疫疾患の発症機序に重要な機能を担う可能性を示唆している。IL-22は、T細胞によって産生されるエフェクターサイトカインとして、免疫系と上皮細胞間のクロストークを仲介している。