February 21, 1997
Soul of Croatia Is Bared in Its Teeth
By MICHIKO KAKUTANI
CAFE EUROPA
Life After Communism
By Slavenka Drakulic
213 pages. W.W. Norton & Company. $21.
It is a very simple image: a nation of bad teeth. Upon returning home to Croatia, after spending some time in the United States, the Croatian journalist Slavenka Drakulic noticed something she had never noticed before: she looked into the mouths of friends, relatives, acquaintances and neighbors, and she noticed that they all had terrible teeth.
In this image, Ms. Drakulic sees a metaphor for what is wrong with so much of post-Communist Eastern Europe, a metaphor for the failure of people to develop a sense of individual responsibility and seize control of their lives, a failure she believes may ultimately affect these countries' ability to become true working democracies with involved citizens.
''Bad teeth are the result of bad dentists and bad food,'' she writes, ''but also of a specific culture of thinking, of not seeing yourself as an individual. What we need here is a revolution of self-perception. Not only will that not come automatically with the new political changes, but I am afraid that it will also take longer than any political or economic developments. We need to accept our responsibilities toward both others and ourselves.''
''Cafe Europa,'' Ms. Drakulic's insightful new collection of essays, is studded with such everyday observations that open out, like windows, to reveal wide-angled historical vistas. The difficulty of buying a new vacuum cleaner becomes a lesson in the absurdities of Croatian bureaucracy and the resignation evinced by Croatian citizens. A glimpse of a young man selling some bananas in an Albanian city prompts a meditation on post-Communist dreams of capitalist riches. And a question about a recipe for Bosnian sarma (minced meat and seasoning wrapped in sauerkraut) turns into a lament for the shattered dream of pluralism, destroyed by the war.
Some of the essays in ''Cafe Europa'' -- like a piece on Ms. Drakulic's father -- are acutely personal; others -- like a report on what would have been the 75th birthday of the late Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu -- are more reportorial. In all of them, however, the voice is conversational; the tone, impassioned; the point of view, unabashedly subjective. The book not only helps to illuminate the political and social problems facing much of Eastern Europe, but also sheds new light on the daily life of its residents, their emotional habits, fears and dreams.
A central theme -- which will be familiar to readers of Ms. Drakulic's earlier books, ''How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed'' and ''Balkan Express'' -- concerns the aftermath of Communism and the challenges of making the transition to democracy. For Ms. Drakulic, it means learning to say ''I'' instead of ''we,'' to embrace the idea of individual responsibility, be it demanding higher standards of cleanliness in public toilets or protesting arbitrary Government decisions. It also means learning not to live in an eternal present: learning to save money instead of immediately spending it, learning to build consumer trust instead of trying to make a quick buck.
''It is a paradox,'' she writes, ''that what people today miss the most is the security they have lost with the fall of Communism: jobs, pensions, social and medical security, maternity leave, sick leave. As a result, you don't invest, build or save in the name of the future. You just grab what there is today, because it might not be there tomorrow.''
Nostalgia for the security of the old Communist days, Ms. Drakulic goes on, also helps explain why some Romanians actually mourn the death of Ceausescu and why royalists in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania have ''appeared in growing numbers and with visible aspirations.'' ''One needs to understand,'' she writes, ''that we, the people from the Communist world, are still children in the political sense. We need a daddy, somebody who will look after us, so that we don't have to look after ourselves.''
To truly grow up, Ms. Drakulic argues, the people of Eastern Europe must learn to stop treating history as ''a washing machine'' in which historical guilt can be laundered and absolved. She observes that the new Government of Croatia has begun to erase its Communist past, while re-embracing the 1941-45 period of independence, without coming to terms with the fascist crimes committed during that era. The Square of Victims of Fascism has been renamed the Square of Croatia's Great Men, she reports, and a couple years ago the Commission for the Renaming of Streets even considered changing a square named after Tito to one named after the wartime pro-Nazi leader Ante Pavelic. As Ms. Drakulic puts it: ''We are falsifying the past, just as the Communists did when they came to power.''
Running throughout ''Cafe Europa'' are Ms. Drakulic's observations on what she sees as the Eastern European mindset, a mindset shaped by years of Communist rule. She contends that the paucity of smiles among shopkeepers stems from the tendency to see serving other people as an act of humiliation. She argues that the reluctance of consumers to invest in quality products stems from an inability to think about the future in any practical way. And she suggests that the eagerness of taxi drivers and hotel-keepers to rip off tourists with exorbitant rates stems from the desire to make money quickly (to compensate for the deprivations of the Communist years) and the belief that ''there must be a trick'' to getting rich.
For years, she adds, the residents of Eastern Europe dreamed about the West, dreamed about becoming a part of the Europe that enjoyed freedom and democracy and consumer goods. For Ms. Drakulic, however, the failure of Western Europe to prevent or intervene in the Bosnian war has demonstrated that the dream of Europe is just that: a dream.
''Europe was built by those of us living on the edges,'' she writes, ''because it is only from there that you would have the need to imagine something like 'Europe' to save you from your complexes, insecurities and fears. Because for us, the people from the Balkans, the biggest fear is to be left alone with each other. We have learned better than others what you do to your own brother.''
http://
Soul of Croatia Is Bared in Its Teeth
By MICHIKO KAKUTANI
CAFE EUROPA
Life After Communism
By Slavenka Drakulic
213 pages. W.W. Norton & Company. $21.
It is a very simple image: a nation of bad teeth. Upon returning home to Croatia, after spending some time in the United States, the Croatian journalist Slavenka Drakulic noticed something she had never noticed before: she looked into the mouths of friends, relatives, acquaintances and neighbors, and she noticed that they all had terrible teeth.
In this image, Ms. Drakulic sees a metaphor for what is wrong with so much of post-Communist Eastern Europe, a metaphor for the failure of people to develop a sense of individual responsibility and seize control of their lives, a failure she believes may ultimately affect these countries' ability to become true working democracies with involved citizens.
''Bad teeth are the result of bad dentists and bad food,'' she writes, ''but also of a specific culture of thinking, of not seeing yourself as an individual. What we need here is a revolution of self-perception. Not only will that not come automatically with the new political changes, but I am afraid that it will also take longer than any political or economic developments. We need to accept our responsibilities toward both others and ourselves.''
''Cafe Europa,'' Ms. Drakulic's insightful new collection of essays, is studded with such everyday observations that open out, like windows, to reveal wide-angled historical vistas. The difficulty of buying a new vacuum cleaner becomes a lesson in the absurdities of Croatian bureaucracy and the resignation evinced by Croatian citizens. A glimpse of a young man selling some bananas in an Albanian city prompts a meditation on post-Communist dreams of capitalist riches. And a question about a recipe for Bosnian sarma (minced meat and seasoning wrapped in sauerkraut) turns into a lament for the shattered dream of pluralism, destroyed by the war.
Some of the essays in ''Cafe Europa'' -- like a piece on Ms. Drakulic's father -- are acutely personal; others -- like a report on what would have been the 75th birthday of the late Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu -- are more reportorial. In all of them, however, the voice is conversational; the tone, impassioned; the point of view, unabashedly subjective. The book not only helps to illuminate the political and social problems facing much of Eastern Europe, but also sheds new light on the daily life of its residents, their emotional habits, fears and dreams.
A central theme -- which will be familiar to readers of Ms. Drakulic's earlier books, ''How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed'' and ''Balkan Express'' -- concerns the aftermath of Communism and the challenges of making the transition to democracy. For Ms. Drakulic, it means learning to say ''I'' instead of ''we,'' to embrace the idea of individual responsibility, be it demanding higher standards of cleanliness in public toilets or protesting arbitrary Government decisions. It also means learning not to live in an eternal present: learning to save money instead of immediately spending it, learning to build consumer trust instead of trying to make a quick buck.
''It is a paradox,'' she writes, ''that what people today miss the most is the security they have lost with the fall of Communism: jobs, pensions, social and medical security, maternity leave, sick leave. As a result, you don't invest, build or save in the name of the future. You just grab what there is today, because it might not be there tomorrow.''
Nostalgia for the security of the old Communist days, Ms. Drakulic goes on, also helps explain why some Romanians actually mourn the death of Ceausescu and why royalists in Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania have ''appeared in growing numbers and with visible aspirations.'' ''One needs to understand,'' she writes, ''that we, the people from the Communist world, are still children in the political sense. We need a daddy, somebody who will look after us, so that we don't have to look after ourselves.''
To truly grow up, Ms. Drakulic argues, the people of Eastern Europe must learn to stop treating history as ''a washing machine'' in which historical guilt can be laundered and absolved. She observes that the new Government of Croatia has begun to erase its Communist past, while re-embracing the 1941-45 period of independence, without coming to terms with the fascist crimes committed during that era. The Square of Victims of Fascism has been renamed the Square of Croatia's Great Men, she reports, and a couple years ago the Commission for the Renaming of Streets even considered changing a square named after Tito to one named after the wartime pro-Nazi leader Ante Pavelic. As Ms. Drakulic puts it: ''We are falsifying the past, just as the Communists did when they came to power.''
Running throughout ''Cafe Europa'' are Ms. Drakulic's observations on what she sees as the Eastern European mindset, a mindset shaped by years of Communist rule. She contends that the paucity of smiles among shopkeepers stems from the tendency to see serving other people as an act of humiliation. She argues that the reluctance of consumers to invest in quality products stems from an inability to think about the future in any practical way. And she suggests that the eagerness of taxi drivers and hotel-keepers to rip off tourists with exorbitant rates stems from the desire to make money quickly (to compensate for the deprivations of the Communist years) and the belief that ''there must be a trick'' to getting rich.
For years, she adds, the residents of Eastern Europe dreamed about the West, dreamed about becoming a part of the Europe that enjoyed freedom and democracy and consumer goods. For Ms. Drakulic, however, the failure of Western Europe to prevent or intervene in the Bosnian war has demonstrated that the dream of Europe is just that: a dream.
''Europe was built by those of us living on the edges,'' she writes, ''because it is only from there that you would have the need to imagine something like 'Europe' to save you from your complexes, insecurities and fears. Because for us, the people from the Balkans, the biggest fear is to be left alone with each other. We have learned better than others what you do to your own brother.''
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筆者のクロアチア人ジャーナリストは、アメリカでの生活の後、クロアチアに再び戻り、親戚や友人、近所の人たちの歯が一様に汚いことに気づきます。そして、これは、post-Communist Eastern Europeの失敗の隠喩であるとします。悪い歯は、自分自身と個人として見なさず、自分だけではなく他人に対する責任感の欠如であるとするのです。
本書は、クロアチアの日常生活を洞察にとんだ観察眼で描いているエッセー集だそうです。口語体記述での熱烈なトーンの筆致、おおっぴらな主観に基づいた描写などの欠点はありますが、東欧各国が現在直面する政治社会問題だけでなく、人々の普段の生活−−感情的な習慣、恐れや夢などーーも明らかにしているといいます。
著者によると、民主主義への移行とは、人々が永続する日常という現在に安住するのではなく、未来に対する備え、投資をすることであるにもかかわらず、現在の東欧の人々は、民主化により社会セキュリティーが失われたことに対して失望し、刹那的になっているとします。
Nostalgia for the security of the old Communist daysが、なぜ民衆の一部がCeausescuの死を嘆き、またクロアチアを含む周辺国でロイヤリストの台頭を許しているのかということを説明するとします。
また、クロアチア政府が共産主義の過去をなかったことにしようとし、41−45年にかけてのファシスト政権による短い独立を懐かしむといった事態にあるといいます。そして、''We are falsifying the past, just as the Communists did when they came to power.''という風に共産主義政権がしてきたような歴史の修正を民主化後の政権もやっているのだと批判するのです。
また、the failure of Western Europe to prevent or intervene in the Bosnian war は、自由と民主主義を享受するヨーロッパの一部になることを夢見てきた東欧諸国の人々の夢が本当にただの夢だったことを明らかにしたとします。
本書は、クロアチアの日常生活を洞察にとんだ観察眼で描いているエッセー集だそうです。口語体記述での熱烈なトーンの筆致、おおっぴらな主観に基づいた描写などの欠点はありますが、東欧各国が現在直面する政治社会問題だけでなく、人々の普段の生活−−感情的な習慣、恐れや夢などーーも明らかにしているといいます。
著者によると、民主主義への移行とは、人々が永続する日常という現在に安住するのではなく、未来に対する備え、投資をすることであるにもかかわらず、現在の東欧の人々は、民主化により社会セキュリティーが失われたことに対して失望し、刹那的になっているとします。
Nostalgia for the security of the old Communist daysが、なぜ民衆の一部がCeausescuの死を嘆き、またクロアチアを含む周辺国でロイヤリストの台頭を許しているのかということを説明するとします。
また、クロアチア政府が共産主義の過去をなかったことにしようとし、41−45年にかけてのファシスト政権による短い独立を懐かしむといった事態にあるといいます。そして、''We are falsifying the past, just as the Communists did when they came to power.''という風に共産主義政権がしてきたような歴史の修正を民主化後の政権もやっているのだと批判するのです。
また、the failure of Western Europe to prevent or intervene in the Bosnian war は、自由と民主主義を享受するヨーロッパの一部になることを夢見てきた東欧諸国の人々の夢が本当にただの夢だったことを明らかにしたとします。
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