昨日に引き続き、Chapter 7の解答例です。
おかしな点があったら、文法・語法の面でもいいので指摘してくださいね。
あと、Chapter 7の三問目、「Outline the pathogens of measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox and Hepatitis B, and their vaccines.」については、何を述べるべきか決まらなかった（というか、Chapter 7の本文中に、これに該当する記述ってあったっけ？）ので保留。
これに関しては誰かからの解答例を期待します。
[目下の問題点]
7.4 rogueっていう表現は既知のものとして扱っていいのかどうか
7.15 第一文が説明的で長すぎる？
7.4 What are prions, and how do they cause disease?
Prions, proteinaceous infectious particles, are proteins of unknown function in the brains of healthy individuals. When certain prion proteins change thier shape into a rougue form that can convert normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration that does not function because it has the wrong shape. Activity of rogue form prion causes nervous tissue to be lost and calcified plaques to show up in the brain. In this way, it leads to a group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system.
7.15 Discuss the production of monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
There is a method of producing monoclonal antibodies against a specific antigen in vitro by making hybridoma cells that are immortal plasma cells fused with myeloma cells. They divide and continue to produce the same type of antibody.
At present, monoclonal antibodies are being used for quick and certain diagnosis of various conditions such as detecting a particular hormone or identifying infections. And because they can distinguish between cancerous and normal tissue cells, they can destroy tumors selectively by carrying radioisotopes or toxic drugs, activating complement, or increasing phagocytosis.
*.Outline the pathogens of measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox and Hepatitis B, and their vaccines.
おかしな点があったら、文法・語法の面でもいいので指摘してくださいね。
あと、Chapter 7の三問目、「Outline the pathogens of measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox and Hepatitis B, and their vaccines.」については、何を述べるべきか決まらなかった（というか、Chapter 7の本文中に、これに該当する記述ってあったっけ？）ので保留。
これに関しては誰かからの解答例を期待します。
[目下の問題点]
7.4 rogueっていう表現は既知のものとして扱っていいのかどうか
7.15 第一文が説明的で長すぎる？
7.4 What are prions, and how do they cause disease?
Prions, proteinaceous infectious particles, are proteins of unknown function in the brains of healthy individuals. When certain prion proteins change thier shape into a rougue form that can convert normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration that does not function because it has the wrong shape. Activity of rogue form prion causes nervous tissue to be lost and calcified plaques to show up in the brain. In this way, it leads to a group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system.
7.15 Discuss the production of monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
There is a method of producing monoclonal antibodies against a specific antigen in vitro by making hybridoma cells that are immortal plasma cells fused with myeloma cells. They divide and continue to produce the same type of antibody.
At present, monoclonal antibodies are being used for quick and certain diagnosis of various conditions such as detecting a particular hormone or identifying infections. And because they can distinguish between cancerous and normal tissue cells, they can destroy tumors selectively by carrying radioisotopes or toxic drugs, activating complement, or increasing phagocytosis.
*.Outline the pathogens of measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox and Hepatitis B, and their vaccines.
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コメント(13)
そうなのかー。
情報ありがとね！
一応、各感染症の病原体の簡単なプロフィールを挙げると↓
[RNA virus]
measles（麻疹）- morbillivirus
rubella（風疹）- rubella virus
mumps（流行性耳下腺炎・おたふく風邪）- mumps virus
[DNA virus]
chicken pox（水痘）- varicella-zoster virus
Hepatitis B（B型肝炎）- hepatitis B virus
てことみたいだね。
まぁこれ以上突っ込んで求められることはないはず…簡単な症状でも書いておけば完璧じゃないかな？
それより、vaccineについてはどう述べればいいんだろうか？（´〜｀）
情報ありがとね！
一応、各感染症の病原体の簡単なプロフィールを挙げると↓
[RNA virus]
measles（麻疹）- morbillivirus
rubella（風疹）- rubella virus
mumps（流行性耳下腺炎・おたふく風邪）- mumps virus
[DNA virus]
chicken pox（水痘）- varicella-zoster virus
Hepatitis B（B型肝炎）- hepatitis B virus
てことみたいだね。
まぁこれ以上突っ込んで求められることはないはず…簡単な症状でも書いておけば完璧じゃないかな？
それより、vaccineについてはどう述べればいいんだろうか？（´〜｀）
情報thx!
ワクチンが生かどうかの情報と、ウイルスの科も含めた情報は以下。
この他に書き加えた方がいい内容ってあるかな？
[RNA virus]
■measles（麻疹）- Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
■rubella（風疹）- rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
■mumps（流行性耳下腺炎・おたふく風邪）- mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
[DNA virus]
■chicken pox（水痘）- varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
■Hepatitis B（B型肝炎）- hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
vaccine: inactivated vaccine（不活化ワクチン）
ワクチンが生かどうかの情報と、ウイルスの科も含めた情報は以下。
この他に書き加えた方がいい内容ってあるかな？
[RNA virus]
■measles（麻疹）- Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
■rubella（風疹）- rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
■mumps（流行性耳下腺炎・おたふく風邪）- mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
[DNA virus]
■chicken pox（水痘）- varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine（弱毒生ワクチン）
■Hepatitis B（B型肝炎）- hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
vaccine: inactivated vaccine（不活化ワクチン）
冒頭に↓くらいの文章付け加えてみたらどうだろうか。
All of them are viruses that cause disease. They do not live independently because they are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites. However, once they infect cells, they replicate themselves inside the cells and, in turn, their symptoms emerge.
The table below shows their profile categorized by nucleic acid type.
[RNA virus]
■measles - Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
■rubella - rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
■mumps - mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
[DNA virus]
■chicken pox - varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
■Hepatitis B - hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
vaccine: inactivated vaccine
（´・ω・）
All of them are viruses that cause disease. They do not live independently because they are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites. However, once they infect cells, they replicate themselves inside the cells and, in turn, their symptoms emerge.
The table below shows their profile categorized by nucleic acid type.
[RNA virus]
■measles - Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
■rubella - rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
■mumps - mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
[DNA virus]
■chicken pox - varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
■Hepatitis B - hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
vaccine: inactivated vaccine
（´・ω・）
情報ありがと！
早速、潜伏期（表に記入）とエンベロープの有無（第一文）を考慮してみたのが↓
症状の出方はねぇ…そこまで書くのはさすがに躊躇われるなぁｗ
全種について書いてると、それだけでChapter7は十分な感じになっちゃいそう。
エンベロープの有無は重要な事項っぽいけど、潜伏期はあくまで目安なので（↓の英文にもその旨記しました）、何日くらいとか覚える必要をあまり感じません。
このくらいでいいのじゃないかなぁ…そうあって欲しいな（´・ω・｀）
All of them are viruses that have envelope and cause disease. They do not live independently because they are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites. However, once they infect cells, they replicate themselves inside the cells and, in turn, their symptoms emerge.
The table below shows their profile categorized by nucleic acid type. Because incubation period greatly depends on the individual’s immune strength, we can believe it only as a mere yardstick.
[RNA virus]
*Measles - Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
incubation period: 9-12 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Rubella - Rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
incubation period: 14-21 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Mumps - Mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
incubation period: 14-18 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
[DNA virus]
*Chicken pox - Varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
incubation period: 14-16 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Hepatitis B - Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
incubation period: 1-6 months / vaccine: inactivated vaccine
早速、潜伏期（表に記入）とエンベロープの有無（第一文）を考慮してみたのが↓
症状の出方はねぇ…そこまで書くのはさすがに躊躇われるなぁｗ
全種について書いてると、それだけでChapter7は十分な感じになっちゃいそう。
エンベロープの有無は重要な事項っぽいけど、潜伏期はあくまで目安なので（↓の英文にもその旨記しました）、何日くらいとか覚える必要をあまり感じません。
このくらいでいいのじゃないかなぁ…そうあって欲しいな（´・ω・｀）
All of them are viruses that have envelope and cause disease. They do not live independently because they are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites. However, once they infect cells, they replicate themselves inside the cells and, in turn, their symptoms emerge.
The table below shows their profile categorized by nucleic acid type. Because incubation period greatly depends on the individual’s immune strength, we can believe it only as a mere yardstick.
[RNA virus]
*Measles - Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
incubation period: 9-12 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Rubella - Rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
incubation period: 14-21 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Mumps - Mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
incubation period: 14-18 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
[DNA virus]
*Chicken pox - Varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
incubation period: 14-16 days / vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Hepatitis B - Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
incubation period: 1-6 months / vaccine: inactivated vaccine
シュンヤよ、ありがとう…。
もう内容的に増えないかなーと思ってたら大増量（´Д｀）
とりあえず情報を元にリストを再構成してみました↓
もっと突っ込んでやるのは大歓迎なんだけど、とりあえずテスト対策としては十分すぎると思うぞｗ
ちなみにHepatitis Bが不活化ワクチン（厳密には死菌ではなく酵母菌に作らせた抗原断片）なのは、Hepatitis B virusが体内で増殖した場合のリスクが大きいからじゃないかなぁ。
一般に生ワクチンの方が製造コストが安い上にできる免疫の効果も高いのに、わざわざ色んな技術を駆使して不活化ワクチンを作るのはそういう理由が主だと思う。
Hepatitis B virusはシュンヤが調べてくれたように血液（体液）感染なので、他の４つの感染症とは違って、垂直感染（母子感染）のリスクが大きいみたいなんだ。
確証を得たわけじゃないけど、おそらくそんなところじゃないかな。
[RNA virus]
*Measles - Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 9-12 days
symptoms: high fever, catarrh, spots
complications: encephalitis, laryngitis, pneumonia
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Rubella - Rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 14-21 days
symptoms: fever, lymphadenopathy, spots
complications: encephalitis, arthritis, purpura
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Mumps - Mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 14-18 days
symptoms: parotid inflammation
complications: encephalitis, meningitis, testitis, ovaritis
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
[DNA virus]
*Chicken pox - Varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 14-16 days
symptoms: fever, vesicles
complications: encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Hepatitis B - Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
route of infection: exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood
incubation period: 1-6 months
symptoms: mild hepatic dysfunction, jaundice (with progression)
complications: cirrhosis, liver cancer
vaccine: inactivated vaccine
もう内容的に増えないかなーと思ってたら大増量（´Д｀）
とりあえず情報を元にリストを再構成してみました↓
もっと突っ込んでやるのは大歓迎なんだけど、とりあえずテスト対策としては十分すぎると思うぞｗ
ちなみにHepatitis Bが不活化ワクチン（厳密には死菌ではなく酵母菌に作らせた抗原断片）なのは、Hepatitis B virusが体内で増殖した場合のリスクが大きいからじゃないかなぁ。
一般に生ワクチンの方が製造コストが安い上にできる免疫の効果も高いのに、わざわざ色んな技術を駆使して不活化ワクチンを作るのはそういう理由が主だと思う。
Hepatitis B virusはシュンヤが調べてくれたように血液（体液）感染なので、他の４つの感染症とは違って、垂直感染（母子感染）のリスクが大きいみたいなんだ。
確証を得たわけじゃないけど、おそらくそんなところじゃないかな。
[RNA virus]
*Measles - Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 9-12 days
symptoms: high fever, catarrh, spots
complications: encephalitis, laryngitis, pneumonia
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Rubella - Rubella virus (Togaviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 14-21 days
symptoms: fever, lymphadenopathy, spots
complications: encephalitis, arthritis, purpura
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Mumps - Mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 14-18 days
symptoms: parotid inflammation
complications: encephalitis, meningitis, testitis, ovaritis
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
[DNA virus]
*Chicken pox - Varicella-zoster virus (Herpesviridae family)
route of infection: droplet contact
incubation period: 14-16 days
symptoms: fever, vesicles
complications: encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis
vaccine: live attenuated vaccine
*Hepatitis B - Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family)
route of infection: exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood
incubation period: 1-6 months
symptoms: mild hepatic dysfunction, jaundice (with progression)
complications: cirrhosis, liver cancer
vaccine: inactivated vaccine
あと、上記とは別件で修正情報。
7.4第二文
When certain prion proteins change thier shape into a rougue form that can convert normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration that does not function because it has the wrong shape.
これ、よく見ると主文が抜けてますね…。
というわけで文頭に"Disease occurs"を付け足して、
Disease occurs when certain prion proteins change thier shape into a rougue form that can convert normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration that does not function because it has the wrong shape.
としてください。
7.4第二文
When certain prion proteins change thier shape into a rougue form that can convert normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration that does not function because it has the wrong shape.
これ、よく見ると主文が抜けてますね…。
というわけで文頭に"Disease occurs"を付け足して、
Disease occurs when certain prion proteins change thier shape into a rougue form that can convert normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration that does not function because it has the wrong shape.
としてください。
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