Nine Percent
http://postcarbon.org/nine_percent
R.ハインバーグ
October 29, 2008 - 10:55am.
"・・・if the $12 trillion that vanished from the world stock markets last week were invested in new tarsands projects, then theoretically a few more years of total oil production growth could be eked out(実におもしろい推理だ!)・・・
・・if nine percent is even close to being the final figure(FTのすっぱ抜きに近い値をIEAが11月の報告に示したら), then it's absolutely clear: July 2008 was the all-time peak in world oil production. ・・・
Fading Oil-Field Production Threatens Supply, IEA Says
Production at the world's oilfields will decline faster in coming years, putting more pressure on future oil supplies, the International Energy Agency said on Wednesday.
As current fields fade with age and the industry moves offshore and into smaller fields, decline rates will accelerate, the agency found, and more investment will be required to make up the shortfall.
The Paris-based watchdog, which represents the interests of energy-consuming nations, made its prediction in a detailed analysis of 800 of the world's oil fields -- the first report of its kind. Its conclusions are likely to deepen the pessimism about long-term oil ...
Peak Oil: Get Ready for the Oil-Supply Crunch, IEA Says
Wall Street Journal Blogs - New York,NY,USA
http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/11/12/peak-oil-get-ready-for-the-oil-supply-crunch-iea-says/
IEA doesn't see peak oil by 2030
MarketWatch - USA
http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/iea-doesnt-see-peak-oil/story.aspx?guid={C844CC20-F5BC-4627-987A-7CBF7FE50923}
石油監査人さんが、TOD(The Oil Drum)のGail the Actuary氏(Gail E. Tverberg)の先月のエントリーOil Production is Reaching its Limit: The Basics of What This Means
http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5969
The Next Crisis: Prepare for Peak Oil
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704140104575057260398292350.html?mod=djkeyword
As Europe's leaders gather in Brussels today, they have only one crisis in mind: the debts that threaten the stability of the European Union. They are unlikely to be in any mood to listen to warnings about a different crisis that is looming and that could cause massive disruption.
A shortage of oil could be a real problem for the world within a fairly short period of time. It was unfortunate for the group which chose to point this out yesterday that they should have chosen to do so on the day the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, reported that the effects of the financial downturn had led to a slight downgrade in its forecast for oil consumption this year.
[Image]
Reuters
The North Sea Shearwater platform was producing years beyond expectations.
Against the gloomy economic backdrop that Europe currently provides, siren voices shrieking that a potential energy crisis is imminent and could be worse than the credit crunch are liable to be dismissed as scaremongers. Since they are led by Sir Richard Branson, whose Virgin group runs an energy-guzzling airline, and include Brian Souter, who runs Stagecoach, another energy-hungry transport business, they are also at risk of being seen as self-interested scaremongers.
But the work of the Industry Taskforce on Peak Oil and Energy Security shouldn't be disparagingly dismissed. Its arguments are well founded and lead it to the conclusion that, while the global downturn may have delayed it by a couple of years, peak oil―the point at which global production reaches its maximum―is no more than five years away. Governments and corporations need to use the intervening years to speed up the development of and move toward other energy sources and increased energy efficiency.
In the first report from the task force, Lord Ron Oxburgh, a former chairman of Shell, wrote that "It is pretty clear that there is not much chance of finding any significant quantity of new cheap oil. Any new or unconventional oil is going to be expensive." He went on to quote King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia commenting on a new oil find: "Leave it in the ground...our children need it."
The latest report from the Taskforce points out how much modern economies depend on oil, whether for transport, heating or even fertilizer. Demand may have peaked in the developed world but any shrinkage there, is likely to be more than outweighed by the developing countries, with their rapidly expanding appetite for energy to fuel industry needs and consumer aspirations. The International Energy Agency, in its World Energy Outlook report last year, estimated global oil demand, currently running at just over 85 million barrels a day, could reach 105 million barrels a day by 2030. The Taskforce, assimilating various opinions, believes 92 million barrels a day will be the most that global supplies will be able to generate, "unless some unforeseen giant, and easily accessible, finds are reported very soon."
It may be that the oil companies are keeping some giant secrets from us but that seems unlikely. So what lies ahead is a mismatch between supply and demand. According to Chris Skrebowski, of the Peak Oil Consulting firm, mid-2015 is when the crunch hits. "This is when capacity starts to be overwhelmed by depletion and lack of new capacity additions."
Where that would take oil prices, who can tell? In recent times they have been extremely volatile, hitting $147 a barrel in July 2008, plummeting to $32 at the end of that year and hovering between $70 and $80 since August last year.
At these levels, it is economic for some of the oil that is harder to get at to be extracted from deepwater developments such as the Gulf of Mexico or the Canadian tar sands. A higher price might encourage more of this difficult production.
But a higher oil price brings with it dangerous knock-on effects for oil-dependent economies with little in the way of their own oil resources. Europe has reason to be concerned. According to Philip Dilley, the chairman of Arup, the consulting engineers: "We must plan for a world in which oil prices are likely to be both higher and more volatile and where oil prices have the potential to destabilize economic, political and social activity."
Not everyone involved in the energy business takes such a pessimistic line. BP, for instance, has been more optimistic about the prospects for tar sands, although it is also pursuing wind, solar and biofuel investments. Gas is also becoming a much more important part of the energy mix.
Yet even if the gloomsters should turn out to be wrong, the core of their message surely deserves attention. Governments should be doing all in their power to encourage developments that lessen oil dependency. That will also enhance their energy security for, as Russia's Vladimir Putin has demonstrated with use of the on/off switch on the pipeline to Ukraine, it can be uncomfortable being dependent on other countries for energy.
Wind and sun and wave can all make their contributions, but nuclear is where the biggest strides can be made. The U.K. gave up an early lead in nuclear and only in 2008 gave the go-ahead for a new generation of reactors, though funding remains an issue. France is the most enthusiastic devotee of nuclear, with around 60 working reactors. Whatever progress can be made in turning crops into power, scale will make nuclear the fuel of the future. But governments need to wake up to the urgency with which it may be required.
Some dubious emails and slightly dodgy dossiers have cast a new, and unflattering, light on the global-warming debate, raising the risk of a return to the belief that we can go on consuming oil with impunity. Being a "climate-change denier" is in danger of becoming almost fashionable. But whatever the risk to the climate, scarce and expensive oil would be a threat to established economies.
原論文
Forecasting World Crude Oil Production Using Multicyclic Hubbert Model
Ibrahim Sami Nashawi,*,† Adel Malallah,† and Mohammed Al-Bisharah‡
†Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, P.O. BOX 5969, Safat 13060,
Kuwait, and ‡Kuwait Oil Company, P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi 61008, Kuwait
Received October 29, 2009. Revised Manuscript Received December 31, 2009
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ef901240p