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1. ¸ÇÍ­ÎÎÅÚÏÀ¤È1905ǯ¤ÎÅ纬ÊÔÆþ¤ÏÌ·½â¤«

1905ǯ¤ËÆüËܤϡ¢³ÕµÄ·èÄê¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÃÝÅç¤òÅ纬¤ËÊÔÆþ¤·¡¢Å纬¸©¤Ë¤è¤ëÃÝÅç¤Î¼Â¸ú»ÙÇÛ¤¬³«»Ï¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£´Ú¹ñ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Î³ÕµÄ·èÄêµÚ¤Ó¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤΰìÏ¢¤Î¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡Ö¹¾¸Í»þÂ夫¤é¤Î¸ÇÍ­¤ÎÎÎÅڡפÈÌ·½â¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤Æ¼çÄ¥¤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤½¤³¤Ç¡¢¹ñºÝË¡¾å¡¢ÆüËܤμçÄ¥¤¬Ì·½â¤È¤¤¤¨¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«È½Îã¤ò¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤Ë¸¡¾Ú¤ò»î¤ß¤¿¤¤¡£¤Ê¤ª¡¢ÆüËܤ¬ÃÝÅç¤ÎÅ纬ÊÔÆþ¤ò¡Ö̵¼çÃϤÎÀèÀê¡×¤ÈÀâÌÀ¤·¤¿¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£

1.1 ¹ñºÝË¡¤ÎÍ×µá¡Ê¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤؤμè¤ê´¹¤¨¡Ë

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ÀèÀ꤬¼Â¸úŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¹ñºÝË¡¤Ï18À¤µªÃæÍհʹ߼çÄ¥¤ÎÁýÂç¤È¤È¤â¤ËÍ׵ᤷ¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤Î¼çÄ¥¤ÎÁýÂç¤Ï¼Â¸úÀ­¤¬Ã±¤Ë¼èÆÀ¹Ô°Ù¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¤Î¤ßÍ׵ᤵ¤ì¡¢¸¢Íø¤Î°Ý»ý¤Ë¤âÅù¤·¤¯Í׵ᤵ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£(The growing insistence with which international law, ever since the middle of the 18th century, has demanded that the occupation shall be effective would be inconceivable, if effectiveness were required only for the act of acquisition and not equally for the maintenance of the right. [...] Territorial sovereignty, as has already been said, involves the exclusive right to display the activities of a State. This right has as corollary a duty: the obligation to protect within the territory the rights of other States, in particular their right to integrity and inviolability in peace and in war, together with the rights which each State may claim for its nationals in foreign territory. Without manifesting its territorial sovereignty in a manner corresponding to circumstances, the State cannot fulfil this duty.

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THE MINQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (ICJ, 1953)

¥Á¥ã¥Í¥ë½ôÅç¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹²¦¤Î¼çÄ¥¤µ¤ì¤¿¸¶»ÏŪºÓ͸¸¢¤ÏÂåÂØÅö»þ¤ÎË¡¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¢Â¾¤ÎÍ­¸ú¤Ê¸¢¸¶¤ËÂåÂؤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢º£Æü¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤«¤Ê¤ëˡŪ¸ú²Ì¤âÀ¸¤¸¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£¤½¤ÎÂåÂؤòΩ¾Ú¤¹¤ëÀÕǤ¤Ï¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹À¯ÉܤΤ¢¤ë¡£¸å¤ÇºÛȽ½ê¤Ï¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹À¯Éܤ¬¤½¤Î¼çÄ¥¤¹¤ë¸¶»ÏŪ¸¢¸¶¤¬·¸ÁèÃæ¤Î¾®Åç¤Î¼Â¸úŪÀêÍ­¤Ë¤è¤êÂåÂؤµ¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¤òΩ¾Ú¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËÄó½Ð¤·¤¿»ñÎÁ¤ò¼è¤ê°·¤¦¤³¤È¤È¤¹¤ë¡£(Such an alleged original feudal title of the Kings of France in respect of the Channel Islands could to-day produce no legal effect, unless it had been replaced by another title valid according to the law of the time of replacement. It is for the French Government to establish that it was so replaced. The Court will later deal with the evidence which that Government has produced with a view to establishing that its alleged original title was replaced by effective possession of the islets in dispute.

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1.2¡¡¹ñºÝË¡¼õÍÆÁ°¤ÎÎÎÅÚ·èÄê¥ë¡¼¥ë

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1.3 Ê£¿ô¤Î¸¢¸¶¤Î¼çÄ¥

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CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN (ICJ, 2002)

At the oral¡¡proceedings Indonesia further contended, by way of alternative argument, that if the Court were to reject its title based on the 1891 Convention, it could still claim sovereignty over the disputed islands as successor to the Sultan of Bulungan, because he had possessed authority over the islands.

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2.¹ñºÝË¡¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤθ¢¸¶

2.1 ÄÌÃεÁ̳

1905ǯ¤ÎÃÝÅç¤ÎÅ纬ÊÔÆþ»þ¤ËÂç´ÚÄë¹ñ¤Ø¤ÎÄÌÃΤ¬¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤«¤é̵¸ú¤È¤¹¤ë¼çÄ¥¤¬¡¢´Ú¹ñ¤Î³Ø¼Ô¤òÃæ¿´¤Ë¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤½¤Î¼çÄ¥¤Îº¬µò¤È¤·¤ÆÍøÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢ÌÀÃÎÂç³Ø¹ñºÝË¡¶µ¼ø¤Î¶âÌÀ´ð¤Ë¤è¤ë¡ØA Study on Territorial Sovereignty over Dokdo in International Law¡Ù¤È¤¤¤¦ÏÀʸ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¶âÌÀ´ð»á¤Ï¤³¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¢¹ñºÝË¡³Ø¼Ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥ê¥ó¥É¥ì¡¼¡¢¥¦¥¨¥¹¥È¥ì¥¤¥¯¡¢¥Û¡¼¥ëÅù¤ÎÅö»þ¤ÎÃø̾¤Ê¹ñºÝË¡³Ø¼Ô¤¬ÄÌÃΤòµÁ̳¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢ÆüËܤιñºÝË¡³Ø¼Ô¤Ç¤¢¤ëÂç¼÷Ʋ¶µ¼ø¤Ï¡¢¶â¶µ¼ø¤Î°úÍѤ¬ÉÔÀµ³Î¤È»ØŦ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤Î¤¿¤á¡¢¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ï¶â¶µ¼ø¤Î°úÍѤˤĤ¤¤Æ¤½¤Î¸¶Ãø¤òÄ´¤Ù¤ë¤È¤È¤â¤ËÄÌÃεÁ̳¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¸¡Æ¤¤¹¤ë¡£

¥Ù¥ë¥ê¥óµÄÄê½ñ

1885ǯ¤Î¥Ù¥ë¥ê¥ó¤Ç³«ºÅ¤µ¤ì¤¿²ñµÄ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¹ç°Õ½ñ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£34¾ò¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¥¢¥Õ¥ê¥«³¤´ß¤Î¿·¤¿¤ÊÎÎÅÚ¼èÆÀ¤ËÂФ·¤ÆÄÌÃΤò¹Ô¤¦¤³¤È¤¬µ¬Äꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢35¾ò¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤεÁ̳¤òµ¬Äꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£


1885 GENERAL ACT OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

Article 34.
Any Power which henceforth takes possession of tract of land on the coasts of African Continent out side of its present possessions, or which, being hitherto without such possessions, shall acquire them, as well as the Power which assumes a Protectorate there, shall accompany the respective act with a notification thereof, addressed to the other Signatory Powers of the present Act, in order to enable them, if need be, to make good any claims of their own.

Article 35.
The Signatory Powers of present Act recognize the obligation to insure the establishment of authority in the regions occupied by them on the coasts of the African Continent sufficient to protest existing rights and, as the case may be, freedom of trade and transit under the conditions agreed upon.

¥ê¥ó¥É¥ì¡¼¡ÊM.F. Lindley¡Ë

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M.F. Lindley viewed it proper to regard notification and effective occupation as the necessary conditions for occupation, before and after the signing of the 1885 Berlin Act. He states as follows:

According to views adopted by Britain, Germany, France and the United States, at the time of before and after the Berlin conference, there were no colonial states which took exception to the application of new rule of occupation, and it seems to be justified to say that all recent acquisition of territory obeys to this rule irrespective of whether it is the African coast or not.


Lindley says that notification and necessary conditions for effective occupation defined in the Act of Berlin do not apply only to ¡Èthe African coasts¡É and the contracting parties to the Act, but also apply to all areas and all states. This is the same as Hall¡Çs view.

¥ê¥ó¥É¥ì¡¼¤ÎÃøºî¤Î¸¶Ê¸¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Á¤é¤ò»²¾È´ê¤¤¤¿¤¤¡£¤³¤Î¶â¶µ¼ø¤Î¥ê¥ó¥É¥ì¡¼¤Î°úÍÑʸ¤Ï¡¢19¾Ï¡¡¼Â¸úŪ»ÙÇÛ¡ÊCHAPTER XIX EFFECTIVE OCCUPATION¡Ë¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¥ê¥ó¥É¥ì¡¼¤ÏÄÌÃΤΤߤò°·¤Ã¤¿Ê̤ξϤòµ¯¤³¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¶â¶µ¼ø¤¬°úÍѤ·¤¿19¾Ï¤Ë¤âµÁ̳¤ò°·¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥Ù¥ë¥ê¥óµÄÄê½ñ¤Î34¾ò¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢¡Ö29¾Ï¡¡ÄÌÃΡפǰ·¤¦¤ÈÃǤäƤ¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë(Article 34 will be dealt with in the Chapter on ¡ÆNotification.¡Ç)¡£¹¹¤Ë¡¢¶â¶µ¼ø¤ÎP157¤«¤é¤Î°úÍѤǤ¢¤ë¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥ª¥ì¥ó¥¸¤Î¼ÐÂÎÉôʬ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¸¶Ê¸¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤Ç¤Î°úÍѤȤϤʤäƤª¤é¤º²Ã¹©¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Æäˡ¢¸¶Ê¸¤Ç¤Ï¡Ö¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤθ¶Â§¡Êthe principle of effective occupation)¡×¤È½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤êÄÌÃεÁ̳¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëµ­½Ò¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë¤¬¡¢¶â¶µ¼ø¤Î°úÍѤǤÏʸ°Õ¤òÌÀ³Î¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤Î½ÅÍפÊÍѸ줬ºï½ü¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¶öÁ³¤Î¸«Íî¤È¤·¤È¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¶Ë¤á¤ÆÉÔ¼«Á³¤Ê²Ã¹©¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È»×¤¦¤Î¤Ï»ä¤À¤±¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¤«¡£²¿¤ì¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤â¶â¶µ¼ø¤ÏÀµ³Î¤Ê°úÍѤâÍ×Ìó¤â¾Ï¤Î¥¿¥¤¥È¥ë¤ÎÇÄ°®¤â¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¶µ¼ø¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¸À¤¨¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£

¤µ¤Æ¡¢¡Ö29¾Ï¡¡ÄÌÃΡפˤª¤¤¤Æ¡¢¥ê¥ó¥É¥ì¡¼¤Ï¡ÖÄÌÃΤÏˡŪ¤ËɬÍפǤϤʤ¤¡ÊNotification not legally necessary, PP 295.¡Ë¡×¤ÈÌÀ³Î¤ËµÁ̳¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÈÝÄꤷ¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¶â¶µ¼ø¤Î²ò¼á¤È¤ÏÀµÈ¿ÂФȤʤ롣

William Edward Hall

¶â¶µ¼ø¤Ï¥Û¡¼¥ë¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤âÄÌÃεÁ̳¤òǧ¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¥Û¡¼¥ë¤ÎÃøºî¤Î¸¶Ê¸¤Ï¤³¤Á¤é¤ò»²¾È´ê¤¤¤¿¤¤¡£¥Û¡¼¥ë¤Î¡ÖInternational law¡×¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëÄÌÃΤ˴ؤ¹¤ëÉôʬ¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î¤È¤ª¤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£


INTERNATIONAL LAW ¡¡William Edward Hall
The declaration it, it is true, affects only the coasts of the Continent of Africa; and the representatives of France and Russia were careful to make formal reservations directing attention to this fact; the former, especially, placing it on record that island of Madagascal was excluded. Nevertheless an agreement, made between all these states which are likely to endeavour to occupy territory, and covering much the largest spaces of coast which, at the date of declaration, remained unoccupied in the world, cannot but have great influence upon the development of generally binding rule.*

*France, on taking possession of Comino Islands, and England with regard to Bechuana Land, have already made notification which were not obligatory under the Berlin Declaration. These notifications were, however, evidently made form motives of convenience and not with a view of establishing a principle; France having placed upon record the reservations mentioned above, and England not having notified, at a later date, her assumption of a protectorate over the Island of Socotra.

¶â¶µ¼ø¤Ë¤è¤ë°úÍÑÉôʬ¤ò¥ª¥ì¥ó¥¸¤Î¼ÐÂΤȤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¶â¶µ¼ø¤Ï¡¢¡ÖNevertheless¡×¤ò½ü³°¤·¤Æ°úÍѤ¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡Ö¥Ù¥ë¥ê¥óµÄÄê½ñ¤ÎÄÌÃεÁ̳¤Ï´·½¬Ë¡¤Î³ÎΩ¤Ë´óÍ¿¤·¤¿¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡Ê¡á´û¤Ë´·½¬Ë¡¤È¤·¤ÆÄÌÃεÁ̳¤¬³ÎΩ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡Ë¡×¤È²ò¼á¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¥Û¡¼¥ë¤Î¸¶Ê¸¤Ï¡ÖÎÎÅÚ¤òÀêÎΤ¹¤ë°Õ»×¤òÍ­¤¹¤ëÁ´¤Æ¤Î¹ñ²È¤Ë¤è¤ë¹ç°Õ¡Ê¥Ù¥ë¥ê¥óµÄÄê½ñ¡Ë¤µ¤ì¡¢À¤³¦¤Ë»Ä¤µ¤ì¤¿ÈóÀêÍ­ÃϤÎÂçȾ¤¬¡Ê¥Ù¥ë¥ê¥óµÄÄê½ñ¤ÎÈϰϤˡ˴ޤޤì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Ë¤â¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º¡¢´·½¬Ë¡¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÎȯŸ¤Ë´óÍ¿¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡×¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ÄÌÃεÁ̳¤¬´·½¬Ë¡¤È¤·¤ÆÀ®Î©¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤ò¼çÄ¥¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢µÓÃí¤Ç¤â¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤È¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¤ÎÄÌÃλöÎ㤬³ÎΩ¤µ¤ì¤¿¸¶Â§¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ÎÎÅÚ¼èÆÀ¤Î´ÊÊؤʼêÃʤȤ·¤Æ¼Â»Ü¤µ¤ì¡¢¤è¤ê¸åǯ¤Î¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤Î¥½¥³¥È¥éÅç¤ÎÊݸî¹ñ²½¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤âÄÌÃΤ¬Íú¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤»ö¼Â¤ò»ØŦ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¶â¶µ¼ø¤¬¡ÖNevertheless¡×¤ä¡ÖµÓÃí¡×¤ò¸«Íî¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢¥Û¡¼¥ë¤Î¼çÄ¥¤È¤ÏÀµÈ¿ÂФ˲ò¼á¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¤«¡£¶öÁ³¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤Ï¶Ë¤á¤Æ´Ú¹ñ¦¤ËÅÔ¹ç¤ÎÎɤ¤¶Ë¤á¤ÆÉÔ¼«Á³¤Ê¸«Íî¤È¤·¤À¤È»×¤¦¤Î¤Ï»ä¤À¤±¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¤«¡£¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¡¢¶â¶µ¼ø¤ÏÀµ³Î¤Ê°úÍѤµ¤¨¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¶µ¼ø¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¸À¤¨¤ë¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£

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¥Þ¥ó¥­¥¨¡¦¥¨¥¯¥ì¥ª¤ÎȽÎãÅù¤è¤ê¡¢¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤϴÖÀÜŪ¿äÄê¤Ç¤Ï¾ÚÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤º¡¢¹ÔÀ¯¸¢¡¢»ÊË¡¸¢¡¢Î©Ë¡¸¢¤Î¹Ô»È¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëľÀÜŪ¤Ê¾Úµò¤¬µá¤á¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¹¹¤Ë¡¢¾Úµò¤Ï¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤º¡¢µ¿¤¤¤Î¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤ÏºÎÍѤµ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£


¥Þ¥ó¥­¥¨¡¦¥¨¥¯¥ì¥ª¤ÎȽÎã(Minquiers and Ecrehos)¡¢1953ǯ¡¡¹ñºÝ»ÊË¡ºÛȽ½ê
•ºÛȽ½ê¤Î¸«²ò¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¢·èÄêŪ¤Ë½ÅÍפʤ³¤È¤Ï¡¢ÃæÀ¤¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë½ÐÍè»ö¤«¤é¤Î´ÖÀÜŪ¿äÄê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¥Þ¥ó¥­¥¨µÚ¤Ó¥¨¥¯¥ì¥ªÅç¤ÎÀêÍ­¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëľÀÜŪ¤Ê¾Úµò¤Ç¤¢ ¤ë¡£(What is of decisive importance, in the opinion of the Court, is not indirect presumptions deduced from events in the Middle Ages, but the evidence which relates directly to the possession of the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups. P57)
•¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¤¬±çÍѤ·¤¿ÍÍ¡¹¤Ê»ö¼Â¤ÎÆâ¡¢ºÛȽ½ê¤ÏÆä˻ÊË¡¸¢¡¢ÃÏÊý¹ÔÀ¯¸¢¡¢Î©Ë¡¸¢¤Î¹Ô»È¤Ë´Ø¤¹ ¤ë³èÆ°¤Ë¾Úµò²ÁÃͤòǧ¤á¤ë¡ÊOf the manifold facts invoked by the United Kingdom Government, the Court attaches, in particular, probative value to the acts which relate to the exercise of jurisdiction and local administration and to legislation.P65¡Ë


¥ê¥¸¥¿¥ó¡¦¥·¥Ñ¥À¥óÅç¤ÎȽÎã(CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN)¡¢2002ǯ¡¡¹ñºÝ»ÊË¡ºÛȽ½ê

ºÛȽ½ê¤ÏºÇ½ªÅª¤Ë¡¢¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ê»ñÎÁ¤Ë¤è¤êµ¿µÁ¤ÎÁ´¤¯¤Ê¤¤¹ÔÀ¯¸¢¤Îȯ¸½¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ë³èÆ°¤Î¤ß¤ò¹Íθ¤¹¤Ù¤­¤³¤È¤Ëα°Õ¤¹¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¸Î¡¢¼«Á³Êݸî¤ËÂФ¹¤ëµ¬Â§µÚ¤Ó¹ÔÀ¯³èÆ°¤Ï¡¢¤½¤Î¾ò¹à¤ä¸úÎϤ¬¥ê¥¸¥¿¥ó¡¢¥·¥Ñ¥À¥óÅç¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤ÈÌÀ³Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤Ê¤é¡¢Î¾Åç¤Î¼Â¸ú»ÙÇۤȤ·¤Æ¹Í¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£¡ÊThe Court finally observes that it can only consider those acts as constituting a relevant display of authority which leave no doubt as to their specific reference to the islands in dispute as such. Regulations or administrative acts of a general nature can therefore be taken as effectivirés with regard to Ligitan and Sipadan only if it is clear from their terms or their effects that they pertained to these two islands.¡Ë

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