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Capitalism
1 Etymology
The lexical roots of the word capital reveal roots in the trade and ownership of animals. The Latin root of the word capital is capitalis, from the proto-Indo-European kaput, which means "head", this being how wealth was measured. The more heads of cattle, the better. The terms chattel (meaning goods, animals, or slaves) and even cattle itself also derive from this same origin.
The lexical connections between animal trade and economics can also be seen in the names of many currencies and words about money: fee (faihu), rupee (rupya), buck (a deerskin), pecuniary (pecu), stock (livestock), and peso (pecu or pashu) all derive from animal-trade origins.
Often thought of as the "father of capitalist thinking," Adam Smith himself never used the term. He described his own preferred economic system as "the system of natural liberty." Though popular with Marxists, the word "capitalism" was in fact neither used by Karl Marx, who only spoke about capital, to refer to the relationship between owners (capitalists) and workers ( proletarians). Although it is not clear who used the word in its current, systemic context first, it was coined and introduced into the economic - and general - discourse by Werner Sombart with his 1906 classic, Modern Capitalism.
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「資本（capital）の語源は、ラテン語の頭（caput）である。ラテン語で家畜を意味する"pecus"が、貨幣や財産をあらわす"pecunia"のもとになっていることは興味深い。家畜の頭数が資本の大きさを表し、資本としての家畜は、子供を産むことにより自己増殖する。これが資本の原型的なイメージである。」
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「手」と「足」の話をしたついでに「頭」の話をしましょう。首都を英語でcapitalと言うことは知っていますね。首位、首席、首脳、元首などの用例から分かるように、「首」は「あたま」を意味します。英語も同じで、capitalのcapit-もラテン語で「あたま」の意味です。そうするとcapital letterは「頭文字」つまり「大文字」のこと。「大文字で書く」のはcapitalizeとなります。昔、「人頭税」という税金がありました。英語ではcapitation tax。ひとりひとりに対してかける、つまり「頭数」に対してかける税金のことです。経済学で capitalといえば「資本」のこと。「元手（もとで）」と考えれば納得がいくでしょう。Capitalistは「資本家」、capitalismは「資本主義」となります。 経済といえばper capita incomeということばを見たことがありませんか。これはラテン語をそのまま使った表現で、「人口一人当たりの所得」を意味します。「100あたりの比率」つまり「百分率」をpercentというでしょう？ Per は「・・・あたり」、cent は「100」です。centuryが１００年つまり1世紀であることはみんな知っていますね。
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http://
early 13c., from L. capitalis "of the head," hence "capital, chief, first," from caput (gen. capitis) "head" (see head). A capital crime (1520s) is one that affects the life or "head;" capital had a sense of "deadly, mortal" from late 14c. in English, a sense also found in Latin. The connection between "head" and "life, mortality" also existed in O.E.: e.g. heafodgilt "deadly sin, capital offense," heafdes þolian "to forfeit life." Capital punishment was in Blackstone (1765). Capital gain is recorded from 1921. Capital goods is recorded from 1899. Of ships, "first-rate, of the line," attested from 1650s. Related: Capitally.
Capitalism
1 Etymology
The lexical roots of the word capital reveal roots in the trade and ownership of animals. The Latin root of the word capital is capitalis, from the proto-Indo-European kaput, which means "head", this being how wealth was measured. The more heads of cattle, the better. The terms chattel (meaning goods, animals, or slaves) and even cattle itself also derive from this same origin.
The lexical connections between animal trade and economics can also be seen in the names of many currencies and words about money: fee (faihu), rupee (rupya), buck (a deerskin), pecuniary (pecu), stock (livestock), and peso (pecu or pashu) all derive from animal-trade origins.
Often thought of as the "father of capitalist thinking," Adam Smith himself never used the term. He described his own preferred economic system as "the system of natural liberty." Though popular with Marxists, the word "capitalism" was in fact neither used by Karl Marx, who only spoke about capital, to refer to the relationship between owners (capitalists) and workers ( proletarians). Although it is not clear who used the word in its current, systemic context first, it was coined and introduced into the economic - and general - discourse by Werner Sombart with his 1906 classic, Modern Capitalism.
☆
http://
「資本（capital）の語源は、ラテン語の頭（caput）である。ラテン語で家畜を意味する"pecus"が、貨幣や財産をあらわす"pecunia"のもとになっていることは興味深い。家畜の頭数が資本の大きさを表し、資本としての家畜は、子供を産むことにより自己増殖する。これが資本の原型的なイメージである。」
☆
「手」と「足」の話をしたついでに「頭」の話をしましょう。首都を英語でcapitalと言うことは知っていますね。首位、首席、首脳、元首などの用例から分かるように、「首」は「あたま」を意味します。英語も同じで、capitalのcapit-もラテン語で「あたま」の意味です。そうするとcapital letterは「頭文字」つまり「大文字」のこと。「大文字で書く」のはcapitalizeとなります。昔、「人頭税」という税金がありました。英語ではcapitation tax。ひとりひとりに対してかける、つまり「頭数」に対してかける税金のことです。経済学で capitalといえば「資本」のこと。「元手（もとで）」と考えれば納得がいくでしょう。Capitalistは「資本家」、capitalismは「資本主義」となります。 経済といえばper capita incomeということばを見たことがありませんか。これはラテン語をそのまま使った表現で、「人口一人当たりの所得」を意味します。「100あたりの比率」つまり「百分率」をpercentというでしょう？ Per は「・・・あたり」、cent は「100」です。centuryが１００年つまり1世紀であることはみんな知っていますね。
http://
☆
http://
early 13c., from L. capitalis "of the head," hence "capital, chief, first," from caput (gen. capitis) "head" (see head). A capital crime (1520s) is one that affects the life or "head;" capital had a sense of "deadly, mortal" from late 14c. in English, a sense also found in Latin. The connection between "head" and "life, mortality" also existed in O.E.: e.g. heafodgilt "deadly sin, capital offense," heafdes þolian "to forfeit life." Capital punishment was in Blackstone (1765). Capital gain is recorded from 1921. Capital goods is recorded from 1899. Of ships, "first-rate, of the line," attested from 1650s. Related: Capitally.
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