地形第十
X. Terrain
孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。
Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。
Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。
With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.
可以往，难以返，曰挂。
Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.
挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。
From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。
When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。
In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。
With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。
Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；
With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。
If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.
夫势均，以一击十，曰走；
Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
卒强吏弱，曰驰；吏强卒弱，曰陷；
When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；
When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin.
将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；
When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.
将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。
When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout.
凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。
The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general
知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。
He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.
故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。
If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding.
故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。
The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。
Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.
厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。
If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；
If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。
Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.
九地第十一
XI. The Nine Situations
孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有围地，有
死地。
Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
诸侯自战其地者，为散地；
When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.
入人之地不深者，为轻地；
When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地；
Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地；
Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地；
Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地；
When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地；
Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地；
Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。
Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，
On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.
交地则无绝，衢地则合交，
On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
重地则掠，泛地则行，
On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.
围地则谋，死地则战。
On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.
古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，
Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.
卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。
When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.
合于利而动，不合于利而止。
When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
敢问敌众而整将来，待之若何曰：先夺其所爱则听矣。
If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
凡为客之道，深入则专。主人不克，
The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
掠于饶野，三军足食。
Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.
谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。
Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
投之无所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人尽力。
Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。
Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.
是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，
Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.
禁祥去疑，至死无所之。
Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。
If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.
令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。
X. Terrain
孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。
Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。
Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。
With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.
可以往，难以返，曰挂。
Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.
挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。
From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。
When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。
In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。
With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。
Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；
With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。
If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.
夫势均，以一击十，曰走；
Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
卒强吏弱，曰驰；吏强卒弱，曰陷；
When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；
When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin.
将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；
When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.
将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。
When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout.
凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。
These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。
The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general
知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。
He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.
故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。
If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding.
故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。
The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。
Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.
厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。
If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；
If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。
Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.
九地第十一
XI. The Nine Situations
孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有围地，有
死地。
Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
诸侯自战其地者，为散地；
When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.
入人之地不深者，为轻地；
When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地；
Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地；
Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地；
Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地；
When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地；
Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地；
Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。
Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，
On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.
交地则无绝，衢地则合交，
On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
重地则掠，泛地则行，
On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.
围地则谋，死地则战。
On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.
古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，
Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.
卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。
When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.
合于利而动，不合于利而止。
When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
敢问敌众而整将来，待之若何曰：先夺其所爱则听矣。
If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
凡为客之道，深入则专。主人不克，
The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
掠于饶野，三军足食。
Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.
谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。
Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
投之无所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人尽力。
Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。
Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.
是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，
Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.
禁祥去疑，至死无所之。
Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。
If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.
令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
中国語勉強学中文 更新情報
-
最新のアンケート
-
まだ何もありません
-
中国語勉強学中文のメンバーはこんなコミュニティにも参加しています
人気コミュニティランキング
- 1位
- 暮らしを楽しむ
- 75505人
- 2位
- 写真を撮るのが好き
- 208299人
- 3位
- 音楽が無いと生きていけない
- 196031人