Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Artemisia
Species: A. annua
Binomial name
Artemisia annua
L.
Artemisia annua, also known as Sweet Wormwood, Sweet Annie, or Chinese wormwood (Chinese: 青蒿; Pinyin: qīnghāo), is a common type of wormwood that grows throughout the world. It has fern-like leaves, bright yellow flowers, and a camphor-like scent. It averages about 2 m tall and has a single stem, alternating branches, and alternating leaves which range 2.5-5cm in length. It is cross-pollinated by the wind or insects. It is a diploid organism with chromosome number, 2n=36.
Sweet Wormwood was used by Chinese herbalists in ancient times to treat fever, but had fallen out of common use, to be rediscovered in 1970 when the Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments (340 AD) was found. This pharmacopeia contained recipes for a tea from dried leaves, prescribed for fevers (not specifically malaria). In 1971, scientists demonstrated that the plant extracts had antimalarial activity in primate models, and in 1972 the active ingredient, artemisinin (formerly referred to as arteannuin), was isolated and its chemical structure described. Artemisinin may be extracted using a low boiling point solvent such as diethyether and is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves, stems, and inflorescences, and it is concentrated in the upper portions of plant within new growth. Artemisinin itself is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge and has been produced semi-synthetically as an antimalarial that is commonly used in tropical nations which can afford it, preferentially as part of a combination-cocktail with other antimalarials in order to prevent the development of parasite resistance.
The question as to whether tea made from A. annua should be used to treat malaria is very contentious. Those against argue that artemesinin is not soluble in water and only very low concentrations are achieved that are insufficient to treatment malaria reliably.[1][2][3] Those for argue that Artemisia annua contains a cocktail of anti-malarial substances, and insist that clinical trials be conducted to demonstrate scientifically that artemisia tea is just as effective in treating malaria as it appears to be where it is regularly used. If it is proven, then it will present itself as a cheaper alternative to commercial pharmaceuticals, and will enable health dispensaries in the Tropics to be much more self-reliant in their malaria treatment. James Duke and Mike Benge et al, Chemical and Engineering News, Letters, Vol 83, No 18, pp4-5.
The plant has also been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It is said to have the ability to be selectively toxic to breast cancer cells [citation needed] and some form of prostate cancer, there have been exciting preclinical results against leukemia [1], and other cancer cells.
The method of action of the active compound is that it reacts with iron, producing harmful free radicals which damage biological macromolecules including the cell membrane. Malaria is caused by the Apicomplexan, Plasmodium falciparum, which largely resides in red blood cells where there is plenty of iron and cancer cells tend to have higher iron concentrations than normal cells associated with their rapid growth rate.
Other uses
In modern-day central China, specifically Hubei Province the stems of this wormwood are used as food in a salad-like form. The final product, literally termed "cold-mixed wormwood" is a slightly bitter salad with strong acid overtones from the spiced rice vinegar used as a marinade. It is considered a delicacy and is typically more expensive to buy than meat
クソニンジンから抽出されるアーテスネート（アルテスネート）（artesunate）マラリア治療には、伝統的なキニーネ系のメフロキン（mefloquine）治療薬などに、寄生虫の耐性が出来ている問題点があります。
2000年ごろより、耐性を持ったマラリア原虫の駆除に世界が注目しているのが、中国の伝統的な漢方薬、黄花蒿より開発されたアーテスネート（artesunate）です。大手製薬会社の関心が薄いマラリア治療薬市場で、中国の桂林製薬（Guilin Pharma）（広西チワン自治区、Guangxi）は独自に生薬由来のマラリア治療薬を開発しました。
ヨモギから抽出されたマラリア治療薬はアリネート(Arinate)と名付けられ、困窮する西アフリカに広範囲に供給されています。特効薬として知名度が上がると共にタイ、ミャンマー、カンボジア、ラオスなどでは桂林製薬製品の偽薬が大量に出回っており、WHOなどでは注意を呼びかけています。桂林製薬では、偽物が価格的に対抗できないように、大量生産によって価格を引き下げることを考えているそうです。
アーテスネートはヨモギの近似種類であるキク科ヨモギ類のクソニンジンから抽出したアルテミシニン（アルテミシン）の水溶性誘導体（C15 H22 O5.）です。
クソニンジンは紀元前より暑さを凌ぐ薬草や痔の薬として知られていましたが、1972年に中国薬学院(Chines Institute of material medicine)で分析され、1980年代に広東省を中心に抗マラリア、抗ワイル氏病（Weil's decease）に著効を示すという研究が進みました。（HP0970＜米国が悩むスピロヘータ感染症＞ルートビアー（サルサパリラ）が救世主？2004年1月1日（木）参照）
アーテスネートはキニーネ系のメフロキンと併用すれば重症な熱帯熱マラリア原虫に特に有効と言われます。メフロキン（mefloquine）製剤の商品名にはスイスのメファ社（Mepha）のメファキン（Mephaquin） 、ロシュ社（Roche）のラリアム（Lariam）などがあります。
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Artemisia
Species: A. annua
Binomial name
Artemisia annua
L.
Artemisia annua, also known as Sweet Wormwood, Sweet Annie, or Chinese wormwood (Chinese: 青蒿; Pinyin: qīnghāo), is a common type of wormwood that grows throughout the world. It has fern-like leaves, bright yellow flowers, and a camphor-like scent. It averages about 2 m tall and has a single stem, alternating branches, and alternating leaves which range 2.5-5cm in length. It is cross-pollinated by the wind or insects. It is a diploid organism with chromosome number, 2n=36.
Sweet Wormwood was used by Chinese herbalists in ancient times to treat fever, but had fallen out of common use, to be rediscovered in 1970 when the Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments (340 AD) was found. This pharmacopeia contained recipes for a tea from dried leaves, prescribed for fevers (not specifically malaria). In 1971, scientists demonstrated that the plant extracts had antimalarial activity in primate models, and in 1972 the active ingredient, artemisinin (formerly referred to as arteannuin), was isolated and its chemical structure described. Artemisinin may be extracted using a low boiling point solvent such as diethyether and is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves, stems, and inflorescences, and it is concentrated in the upper portions of plant within new growth. Artemisinin itself is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge and has been produced semi-synthetically as an antimalarial that is commonly used in tropical nations which can afford it, preferentially as part of a combination-cocktail with other antimalarials in order to prevent the development of parasite resistance.
The question as to whether tea made from A. annua should be used to treat malaria is very contentious. Those against argue that artemesinin is not soluble in water and only very low concentrations are achieved that are insufficient to treatment malaria reliably.[1][2][3] Those for argue that Artemisia annua contains a cocktail of anti-malarial substances, and insist that clinical trials be conducted to demonstrate scientifically that artemisia tea is just as effective in treating malaria as it appears to be where it is regularly used. If it is proven, then it will present itself as a cheaper alternative to commercial pharmaceuticals, and will enable health dispensaries in the Tropics to be much more self-reliant in their malaria treatment. James Duke and Mike Benge et al, Chemical and Engineering News, Letters, Vol 83, No 18, pp4-5.
The plant has also been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It is said to have the ability to be selectively toxic to breast cancer cells [citation needed] and some form of prostate cancer, there have been exciting preclinical results against leukemia [1], and other cancer cells.
The method of action of the active compound is that it reacts with iron, producing harmful free radicals which damage biological macromolecules including the cell membrane. Malaria is caused by the Apicomplexan, Plasmodium falciparum, which largely resides in red blood cells where there is plenty of iron and cancer cells tend to have higher iron concentrations than normal cells associated with their rapid growth rate.
Other uses
In modern-day central China, specifically Hubei Province the stems of this wormwood are used as food in a salad-like form. The final product, literally termed "cold-mixed wormwood" is a slightly bitter salad with strong acid overtones from the spiced rice vinegar used as a marinade. It is considered a delicacy and is typically more expensive to buy than meat
クソニンジンから抽出されるアーテスネート（アルテスネート）（artesunate）マラリア治療には、伝統的なキニーネ系のメフロキン（mefloquine）治療薬などに、寄生虫の耐性が出来ている問題点があります。
2000年ごろより、耐性を持ったマラリア原虫の駆除に世界が注目しているのが、中国の伝統的な漢方薬、黄花蒿より開発されたアーテスネート（artesunate）です。大手製薬会社の関心が薄いマラリア治療薬市場で、中国の桂林製薬（Guilin Pharma）（広西チワン自治区、Guangxi）は独自に生薬由来のマラリア治療薬を開発しました。
ヨモギから抽出されたマラリア治療薬はアリネート(Arinate)と名付けられ、困窮する西アフリカに広範囲に供給されています。特効薬として知名度が上がると共にタイ、ミャンマー、カンボジア、ラオスなどでは桂林製薬製品の偽薬が大量に出回っており、WHOなどでは注意を呼びかけています。桂林製薬では、偽物が価格的に対抗できないように、大量生産によって価格を引き下げることを考えているそうです。
アーテスネートはヨモギの近似種類であるキク科ヨモギ類のクソニンジンから抽出したアルテミシニン（アルテミシン）の水溶性誘導体（C15 H22 O5.）です。
クソニンジンは紀元前より暑さを凌ぐ薬草や痔の薬として知られていましたが、1972年に中国薬学院(Chines Institute of material medicine)で分析され、1980年代に広東省を中心に抗マラリア、抗ワイル氏病（Weil's decease）に著効を示すという研究が進みました。（HP0970＜米国が悩むスピロヘータ感染症＞ルートビアー（サルサパリラ）が救世主？2004年1月1日（木）参照）
アーテスネートはキニーネ系のメフロキンと併用すれば重症な熱帯熱マラリア原虫に特に有効と言われます。メフロキン（mefloquine）製剤の商品名にはスイスのメファ社（Mepha）のメファキン（Mephaquin） 、ロシュ社（Roche）のラリアム（Lariam）などがあります。
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