問題群（４）（14：00〜15：00）
(1) いつから日本人は洋服を着るようになったのか。
When did Japanese people start wearing Western clothes?
Western clothes were first introduced during the Meiji period that started in 1868. The Meiji government adopted Western-style uniforms for military personnel, public officials, mailmen, and railroad workers. Women first wore western nurses’ uniforms during this time. Also, women adopted western clothes during the Taisho Period that started in 1912, when they worked as typists and train and bus conductors. However, it wasn’t until after World War II when the Japanese started to wear Western clothes almost exclusively.
(2) 日本には多くのタバコやお酒、雑誌などを売っている自動販売機がある。それについてどう思うか。
There are a lot of vending machines which sell cigarettes, alcohol, and magazines in Japan. What do you think about that?
Vending machines are now everywhere throughout Japan, eliminating the need for inconvenient trips to the store. They are probably more widespread in Japan than anywhere else in the world. Even when stores are closed, items can be purchased from them, so they are convenient for consumers. Nowadays, people need to insert their driver’s licenses or other proof-of-age identification in the machines in order to buy alcohol and cigarettes. Even for sellers, almost no personnel or store expenses are needed. I think the biggest reason why vending machines have proliferated is because Japan is a safe country with little vandalism.
(3) 日本でスキーに行きたい。お勧めのスキー場はどこか。
I’d like to go skiing in Japan. Which ski resort do you recommend?
Among a lot of good ski resorts in Japan, I would recommend Niseko, which is one of the major ski resorts in Hokkaido. Its powdery snow is regarded as the best. Annually it receives an incredible amount of snow, more than 11 meters. Niseko offers a wide variety of runs for skiers and snowboarders of various levels. The ski lifts are generally open until 8:30 every night.
(4) 日本海側の気候はどのようなものか。
What is the climate on the Sea of Japan side like?
The Sea of Japan side is noted for its heavy snowfall in winter. Cold, winter wind blows from Siberia and picks up moisture over the Sea of Japan. When the moist wind hits the mountain range that runs through the central part of Honshu Island, the moisture is dropped as snow, causing heavy snowfall on the Japan Sea coast. During the other part of the year, the climate along the Sea of Japan is basically not very different from the other regions of Honshu, having a spring, summer, and fall, although the northern area has a shorter, milder summer
(5) なぜ日本は江戸時代に鎖国をおこなったのか。
Why did Japan close the country off from the outside world in the Edo period?
There are various reasons why this national isolation policy was put into effect. One important reason was based on a report that Spain and Portugal were planning to invade Japan after Christianity had spread there. Another reason was that in Christianity all people are equal, but this was contrary to the shogunate’s caste system based on a strict, vertical society in which people were not equal. The shogunate feared that if Christians banded together, they could become a powerful force within Japan. Finally, the shogunate wanted to prevent local warlords from becoming rich by trading with foreign powers.
(6) 自然の美しさを求めるなら、どこを訪れることを勧めるか。
Where do you recommend I visit for natural beauty?
I would recommend Shiretoko National Park, located on the Shiretoko Peninsula in eastern Hokkaido. It is one of Japan's most beautiful and unspoiled national parks. The peninsula is home to a variety of wildlife, including brown bears, deer and foxes. In winter, drift ice can be seen at the peninsula's coast along the Sea of Okhotsk. In July 2005, Shiretoko was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites because of the peninsula's ecosystem and biodiversity.
(7) 日本人はどのような時に着物を着るのか。
On what occasions do Japanese wear kimono?
Some men and women wear kimono during the New Year’s holiday, and some women wear them on the first working day of the year. Also Japanese women wear kimono on Coming-of-Age Day in mid-January, at weddings and graduations, and on other formal occasions. Many people working in the traditional arts wear kimono, and women at Japanese-style restaurants and inns usually wear kimono. Young girls when they are three and seven wear kimono during the shichi-go-san festival held in November. And both men and women wear casual, cotton kimono called yukata during festivals and fireworks displays in summer.
(8)〔日本語での質問〕
あなたはどのような通訳ガイドになりたいか。
通訳ガイドになったら心がけたいことは何か。
問題群（５）（15：30〜16：30）
(1) なぜ日本には塾や予備校がそんなにたくさんあるのか。
Why are there so many cram schools or preparatory schools in Japan?
In Japan, graduation from a prestigious university is highly desirable because it is believed to ensure a good career and high social status. Parents believe that just attending regular schools is not enough for children to pass entrance examinations to prestigious universities, so they often send their children to private cram schools, or juku. Students who fail to pass university examinations often enter preparatory schools, or yobiko, to prepare to take the examinations again the next year.
(2) 日本で旅行するのに最も良い季節はいつか。
What is the best season to travel in Japan?
Although each season has its own charm, the best season to travel would be either spring or autumn because the temperature then is pleasant and comfortable. In spring, I think April is the best time to travel in Japan because the cherry blossoms are in full bloom. In autumn, the leaves turn red, yellow and orange and are beautiful to see; and there are many wonderful, seasonal foods to try such as pears, persimmons, grapes, chestnuts, and mushrooms.
(3) お花見をするにはどこがお勧めか。
Where do you recommend for viewing cherry blossoms?
I would recommend Chidorigafuchi. Chidorigafuchi is close to the Imperial Palace. Kudanshita subway station is the nearest station to get there. Hundreds of cherry trees decorate the moats of the former Edo Castle, now the Imperial Palace, around Kitanomaru Park, creating one of Tokyo's most outstanding cherry blossom sights. Rowing boats are available for rent. Trees are lit up in the evenings. Many food stands can be found at nearby Yasukuni Shrine, where another one thousand cherry trees are planted.
(4) 日本で最も安く旅行する方法は何か。
What is the cheapest way to travel around in Japan?
Since transportation expenses will make up a considerable part of your travel budget, I would recommend you travel around Japan by bus. Now there is the new Japan Bus Pass that went on sale in summer 2010. The Japan Bus Pass is a revolutionary pass for long distance bus travel in Japan for budget travelers who do not mind sleeping on the bus. With the Pass, it costs less than 3,000 yen for a trip from Tokyo to Hiroshima; while a Shinkansen train ticket costs around 18,000 yen. If used efficiently, the pass can reduce transportation costs to unbelievably low levels for those willing to spend some nights on a bus. The pass can be used both by foreign tourists and residents of Japan, however, it has to be purchased outside of Japan. If you don’t have much time to travel by bus, you can also consider buying of the 7-, 14-, or 21-day rail pass.
(5) なぜ日本人はオリンピックが大好きなのか。
Why do Japanese people love the Olympic Games?
In addition to national pride, the same as that felt by all other people, Japanese love of the Olympic Games is partly because of the national character of the Japanese. They are fond of festive events and easily get excited watching athletes try their best, regardless of country. And since Japan is a small country, Japanese take pride in seeing their own athletes win and get recognition among the world, especially since they don’t have much chance to feel patriotic in their daily lives.
(6) 昭和の戦後の時代、日本はどのようであったか。
What was Japan like during the post war-period of the Showa era?
After Japan was defeated, the country was placed under the allied forces for six years, and underwent various democratic reforms. Japan’s postwar economy became stronger due to America’s support, a stable exchange rate of 360 yen to the dollar, and the prosperity resulting from the war boom during the Korean War in the 1950s. Having gone through rapid economic growth between 1955 and 1973, Japan became an economic power. Culturally, this was a period when all sorts of fads from America and Europe were introduced, and Japan became westernized quite rapidly.
(7)〔日本語での質問〕
あなたはどのような通訳ガイドになりたいか。
通訳ガイドになったら心がけたいことは何か。
問題群（６）（16：30〜18：00）
(1) 紅葉を楽しむにはどこがお勧めか。
Where do you recommend for viewing autumn leaves?
I would recommend Mount Takao, which is certainly one of the best spots to see fall foliage near Tokyo, but it is bound to be quite busy around mid to late November during the season. Mount Takao, or Takaosan, is a wooded mountain with a temple and is a pleasant place just outside central Tokyo. There, you can enjoy hiking in an autumnal, natural surrounding. The base of the mountain can be reached in just a 50 minute-train ride from Shinjuku.
(2) 京都について教えてほしい。
Please tell me about Kyoto.
Kyoto was the capital of Japan and home of the Emperor for over 1,000 years, starting in 794. The city is full of tourist attractions, which include old temples and shrines beautifully preserved. Over the centuries, Kyoto suffered destruction by many wars and fires, but due to its historic value, the city was dropped from the list of target cities for the atomic bomb and spared from air raids during World War II. Countless temples, shrines and other historically priceless structures survive in the city today. Also, Kyoto has three major festivals that are huge tourist attractions. They are the Gion Festival in July, the Aoi Festival in May, and the Jidai Festival in October
(3) なぜ日本では大都市が太平洋側にあるのか。
Why are big cities in Japan located on the Pacific side?
One reason is that the Pacific side, compared to the Sea of Japan side, does not have heavy snow in winter. As a result, the Tokugawa shogunate, for example, was based on the Pacific side that included the big cities of Edo (now Tokyo) and Osaka. During Japan’s modern, rapid economic growth between 1955 and 1973, Japan exported a tremendous amount of goods, which were shipped from the Pacific side facing the U.S.A. and other countries. This resulted in huge investments being made in production facilities for heavy industry located along the Pacific coast from Tokyo to Osaka and Kobe. From then on, those cities drew more and more people as well as capital.
(4) 日本の文化について何を外国人観光客に知ってもらいたいか。
What do you want foreign visitors to know about Japanese culture?
I would like foreign visitors to know about Japanese rice culture. Japanese people have lived more than 2,000 years with rice as their staple food. They are a rice-cultivating people and rice is Japan’s most important agricultural product. Many things essential to Japanese culture are related to rice. Various food and drink, such as sake, rice cakes, rice crackers and dumplings are made from rice. On auspicious occasions, Japanese eat sekihan, or red rice, which is sticky rice steamed together with red beans. And they serve it as an offering to their gods. Japanese sushi, famous around the world, is also made of rice, being mixed with vinegar, sugar and salt for taste.
(5) 日本は安全できれいな国だと言われている。それは何故か。
Japan is said to be a safe and clean country. Why?
I think this is due to the koban, or police box system. There are a lot of koban at street corners. With koban, patrolmen are in the middle of their assigned areas. Koban officers patrol their areas regularly, have a register of local residents, and keep an eye out for anything that looks suspicious. When a crime occurs, they are close enough to move to the spot quickly. The koban system dates back to the Edo period. In addition, children are taught in school and by their parents to take anything they find to the koban. As a result, Japanese are taught to respect other people and their belongings.
(6) 日本語の文字体系について説明してほしい。
Please explain the Japanese writing system.
The Japanese language has three writing systems. One is called kanji, which are Chinese characters. Kanji represent nouns, concepts and actions. The two other writing systems are like alphabets and represent sounds. One is called hiragana and the other is katakana and both were simplified from Chinese characters. Hiragana are used in combination with kanji to make verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; and are used as sentence elements to specify the subjects, objects, indirect objects, etc. in sentences. Katakana are used for writing foreign words and describing sounds like “bang”, “boom”, “ding-dong” and such in Japanese.
(7) 平安時代はどんな時代だったのか
What was the Heian Period like?
The Heian Period was from 794 until 1192. During that time, emperors, aristocrats (like the Fujiwara family), and retired emperors ruled for a large part of this period. It was during the Heian Period when uniquely Japanese arts and literature, and not arts and literature based on Chinese culture, developed. One of the best examples is the novel “The tale of Genji.” In addition, the Japanese phonetic writing systems, hiragana and katakana, were developed, enabling the Japanese language to grow and develop its own characteristics.
(8)〔日本語での質問〕
あなたはどのような通訳ガイドになりたいか。
通訳ガイドになったら心がけたいことは何か。
(1) いつから日本人は洋服を着るようになったのか。
When did Japanese people start wearing Western clothes?
Western clothes were first introduced during the Meiji period that started in 1868. The Meiji government adopted Western-style uniforms for military personnel, public officials, mailmen, and railroad workers. Women first wore western nurses’ uniforms during this time. Also, women adopted western clothes during the Taisho Period that started in 1912, when they worked as typists and train and bus conductors. However, it wasn’t until after World War II when the Japanese started to wear Western clothes almost exclusively.
(2) 日本には多くのタバコやお酒、雑誌などを売っている自動販売機がある。それについてどう思うか。
There are a lot of vending machines which sell cigarettes, alcohol, and magazines in Japan. What do you think about that?
Vending machines are now everywhere throughout Japan, eliminating the need for inconvenient trips to the store. They are probably more widespread in Japan than anywhere else in the world. Even when stores are closed, items can be purchased from them, so they are convenient for consumers. Nowadays, people need to insert their driver’s licenses or other proof-of-age identification in the machines in order to buy alcohol and cigarettes. Even for sellers, almost no personnel or store expenses are needed. I think the biggest reason why vending machines have proliferated is because Japan is a safe country with little vandalism.
(3) 日本でスキーに行きたい。お勧めのスキー場はどこか。
I’d like to go skiing in Japan. Which ski resort do you recommend?
Among a lot of good ski resorts in Japan, I would recommend Niseko, which is one of the major ski resorts in Hokkaido. Its powdery snow is regarded as the best. Annually it receives an incredible amount of snow, more than 11 meters. Niseko offers a wide variety of runs for skiers and snowboarders of various levels. The ski lifts are generally open until 8:30 every night.
(4) 日本海側の気候はどのようなものか。
What is the climate on the Sea of Japan side like?
The Sea of Japan side is noted for its heavy snowfall in winter. Cold, winter wind blows from Siberia and picks up moisture over the Sea of Japan. When the moist wind hits the mountain range that runs through the central part of Honshu Island, the moisture is dropped as snow, causing heavy snowfall on the Japan Sea coast. During the other part of the year, the climate along the Sea of Japan is basically not very different from the other regions of Honshu, having a spring, summer, and fall, although the northern area has a shorter, milder summer
(5) なぜ日本は江戸時代に鎖国をおこなったのか。
Why did Japan close the country off from the outside world in the Edo period?
There are various reasons why this national isolation policy was put into effect. One important reason was based on a report that Spain and Portugal were planning to invade Japan after Christianity had spread there. Another reason was that in Christianity all people are equal, but this was contrary to the shogunate’s caste system based on a strict, vertical society in which people were not equal. The shogunate feared that if Christians banded together, they could become a powerful force within Japan. Finally, the shogunate wanted to prevent local warlords from becoming rich by trading with foreign powers.
(6) 自然の美しさを求めるなら、どこを訪れることを勧めるか。
Where do you recommend I visit for natural beauty?
I would recommend Shiretoko National Park, located on the Shiretoko Peninsula in eastern Hokkaido. It is one of Japan's most beautiful and unspoiled national parks. The peninsula is home to a variety of wildlife, including brown bears, deer and foxes. In winter, drift ice can be seen at the peninsula's coast along the Sea of Okhotsk. In July 2005, Shiretoko was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites because of the peninsula's ecosystem and biodiversity.
(7) 日本人はどのような時に着物を着るのか。
On what occasions do Japanese wear kimono?
Some men and women wear kimono during the New Year’s holiday, and some women wear them on the first working day of the year. Also Japanese women wear kimono on Coming-of-Age Day in mid-January, at weddings and graduations, and on other formal occasions. Many people working in the traditional arts wear kimono, and women at Japanese-style restaurants and inns usually wear kimono. Young girls when they are three and seven wear kimono during the shichi-go-san festival held in November. And both men and women wear casual, cotton kimono called yukata during festivals and fireworks displays in summer.
(8)〔日本語での質問〕
あなたはどのような通訳ガイドになりたいか。
通訳ガイドになったら心がけたいことは何か。
問題群（５）（15：30〜16：30）
(1) なぜ日本には塾や予備校がそんなにたくさんあるのか。
Why are there so many cram schools or preparatory schools in Japan?
In Japan, graduation from a prestigious university is highly desirable because it is believed to ensure a good career and high social status. Parents believe that just attending regular schools is not enough for children to pass entrance examinations to prestigious universities, so they often send their children to private cram schools, or juku. Students who fail to pass university examinations often enter preparatory schools, or yobiko, to prepare to take the examinations again the next year.
(2) 日本で旅行するのに最も良い季節はいつか。
What is the best season to travel in Japan?
Although each season has its own charm, the best season to travel would be either spring or autumn because the temperature then is pleasant and comfortable. In spring, I think April is the best time to travel in Japan because the cherry blossoms are in full bloom. In autumn, the leaves turn red, yellow and orange and are beautiful to see; and there are many wonderful, seasonal foods to try such as pears, persimmons, grapes, chestnuts, and mushrooms.
(3) お花見をするにはどこがお勧めか。
Where do you recommend for viewing cherry blossoms?
I would recommend Chidorigafuchi. Chidorigafuchi is close to the Imperial Palace. Kudanshita subway station is the nearest station to get there. Hundreds of cherry trees decorate the moats of the former Edo Castle, now the Imperial Palace, around Kitanomaru Park, creating one of Tokyo's most outstanding cherry blossom sights. Rowing boats are available for rent. Trees are lit up in the evenings. Many food stands can be found at nearby Yasukuni Shrine, where another one thousand cherry trees are planted.
(4) 日本で最も安く旅行する方法は何か。
What is the cheapest way to travel around in Japan?
Since transportation expenses will make up a considerable part of your travel budget, I would recommend you travel around Japan by bus. Now there is the new Japan Bus Pass that went on sale in summer 2010. The Japan Bus Pass is a revolutionary pass for long distance bus travel in Japan for budget travelers who do not mind sleeping on the bus. With the Pass, it costs less than 3,000 yen for a trip from Tokyo to Hiroshima; while a Shinkansen train ticket costs around 18,000 yen. If used efficiently, the pass can reduce transportation costs to unbelievably low levels for those willing to spend some nights on a bus. The pass can be used both by foreign tourists and residents of Japan, however, it has to be purchased outside of Japan. If you don’t have much time to travel by bus, you can also consider buying of the 7-, 14-, or 21-day rail pass.
(5) なぜ日本人はオリンピックが大好きなのか。
Why do Japanese people love the Olympic Games?
In addition to national pride, the same as that felt by all other people, Japanese love of the Olympic Games is partly because of the national character of the Japanese. They are fond of festive events and easily get excited watching athletes try their best, regardless of country. And since Japan is a small country, Japanese take pride in seeing their own athletes win and get recognition among the world, especially since they don’t have much chance to feel patriotic in their daily lives.
(6) 昭和の戦後の時代、日本はどのようであったか。
What was Japan like during the post war-period of the Showa era?
After Japan was defeated, the country was placed under the allied forces for six years, and underwent various democratic reforms. Japan’s postwar economy became stronger due to America’s support, a stable exchange rate of 360 yen to the dollar, and the prosperity resulting from the war boom during the Korean War in the 1950s. Having gone through rapid economic growth between 1955 and 1973, Japan became an economic power. Culturally, this was a period when all sorts of fads from America and Europe were introduced, and Japan became westernized quite rapidly.
(7)〔日本語での質問〕
あなたはどのような通訳ガイドになりたいか。
通訳ガイドになったら心がけたいことは何か。
問題群（６）（16：30〜18：00）
(1) 紅葉を楽しむにはどこがお勧めか。
Where do you recommend for viewing autumn leaves?
I would recommend Mount Takao, which is certainly one of the best spots to see fall foliage near Tokyo, but it is bound to be quite busy around mid to late November during the season. Mount Takao, or Takaosan, is a wooded mountain with a temple and is a pleasant place just outside central Tokyo. There, you can enjoy hiking in an autumnal, natural surrounding. The base of the mountain can be reached in just a 50 minute-train ride from Shinjuku.
(2) 京都について教えてほしい。
Please tell me about Kyoto.
Kyoto was the capital of Japan and home of the Emperor for over 1,000 years, starting in 794. The city is full of tourist attractions, which include old temples and shrines beautifully preserved. Over the centuries, Kyoto suffered destruction by many wars and fires, but due to its historic value, the city was dropped from the list of target cities for the atomic bomb and spared from air raids during World War II. Countless temples, shrines and other historically priceless structures survive in the city today. Also, Kyoto has three major festivals that are huge tourist attractions. They are the Gion Festival in July, the Aoi Festival in May, and the Jidai Festival in October
(3) なぜ日本では大都市が太平洋側にあるのか。
Why are big cities in Japan located on the Pacific side?
One reason is that the Pacific side, compared to the Sea of Japan side, does not have heavy snow in winter. As a result, the Tokugawa shogunate, for example, was based on the Pacific side that included the big cities of Edo (now Tokyo) and Osaka. During Japan’s modern, rapid economic growth between 1955 and 1973, Japan exported a tremendous amount of goods, which were shipped from the Pacific side facing the U.S.A. and other countries. This resulted in huge investments being made in production facilities for heavy industry located along the Pacific coast from Tokyo to Osaka and Kobe. From then on, those cities drew more and more people as well as capital.
(4) 日本の文化について何を外国人観光客に知ってもらいたいか。
What do you want foreign visitors to know about Japanese culture?
I would like foreign visitors to know about Japanese rice culture. Japanese people have lived more than 2,000 years with rice as their staple food. They are a rice-cultivating people and rice is Japan’s most important agricultural product. Many things essential to Japanese culture are related to rice. Various food and drink, such as sake, rice cakes, rice crackers and dumplings are made from rice. On auspicious occasions, Japanese eat sekihan, or red rice, which is sticky rice steamed together with red beans. And they serve it as an offering to their gods. Japanese sushi, famous around the world, is also made of rice, being mixed with vinegar, sugar and salt for taste.
(5) 日本は安全できれいな国だと言われている。それは何故か。
Japan is said to be a safe and clean country. Why?
I think this is due to the koban, or police box system. There are a lot of koban at street corners. With koban, patrolmen are in the middle of their assigned areas. Koban officers patrol their areas regularly, have a register of local residents, and keep an eye out for anything that looks suspicious. When a crime occurs, they are close enough to move to the spot quickly. The koban system dates back to the Edo period. In addition, children are taught in school and by their parents to take anything they find to the koban. As a result, Japanese are taught to respect other people and their belongings.
(6) 日本語の文字体系について説明してほしい。
Please explain the Japanese writing system.
The Japanese language has three writing systems. One is called kanji, which are Chinese characters. Kanji represent nouns, concepts and actions. The two other writing systems are like alphabets and represent sounds. One is called hiragana and the other is katakana and both were simplified from Chinese characters. Hiragana are used in combination with kanji to make verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; and are used as sentence elements to specify the subjects, objects, indirect objects, etc. in sentences. Katakana are used for writing foreign words and describing sounds like “bang”, “boom”, “ding-dong” and such in Japanese.
(7) 平安時代はどんな時代だったのか
What was the Heian Period like?
The Heian Period was from 794 until 1192. During that time, emperors, aristocrats (like the Fujiwara family), and retired emperors ruled for a large part of this period. It was during the Heian Period when uniquely Japanese arts and literature, and not arts and literature based on Chinese culture, developed. One of the best examples is the novel “The tale of Genji.” In addition, the Japanese phonetic writing systems, hiragana and katakana, were developed, enabling the Japanese language to grow and develop its own characteristics.
(8)〔日本語での質問〕
あなたはどのような通訳ガイドになりたいか。
通訳ガイドになったら心がけたいことは何か。
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